Acneiform skin disorders: Pathology review

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A 30-year-old man comes to the office because of numerous pigmented bumps over his chin and neck for the past six months. The rash is associated with mild pain and tenderness and did not improve with emollients or cleansers. The rest of the patient’s medical history is noncontributory. Vitals are within normal limits. Physical examination findings are shown below. He is a Black man of Haitian descent, and the hair in this region of his chin and neck is coarse and tightly curled. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s condition?


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At the dermatology clinic, 31-year-old Lauren presents complaining of frequent flushing, mainly on the cheeks, nose, and forehead, for the past five months. She mentions that this seems to get worse after eating anything spicy or drinking alcohol. On examination, there are visible small, superficial, dilated blood vessels around the nares, while no comedones are seen. Based on the initial presentation, Lauren seems to have some form of acneiform skin disorder.

Okay, first, let’s talk about physiology real quick. Normally, the skin is divided into three main layers, the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The hypodermis is made of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to the underlying muscle. Above the hypodermis is the dermis, containing hair follicles, nerve endings, glands, blood and lymph vessels. And above the dermis is the epidermis, which contains 5 layers of developing keratinocytes.

Keratinocytes start their life at the lowest layer of the epidermis, so the stratum basale or basal layer. As keratinocytes in the stratum basale mature, they migrate into the next layers of the epidermis, called the stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and finally, the stratum corneum, which is the uppermost and thickest epidermal layer.

Before we dive into the various acneiform skin disorders, there are several high yield terms to describe skin lesions. So, macules are flat, well circumcised lesions up to 1 centimeter in diameter, while patches are similar to a macule but are larger than 1 centimeter. Papules are raised bumps that are up to 1 centimeter in diameter, while plaques are like papules but larger than 1 centimeter. Finally, pustules are blisters filled with pus.

All right, onto acneiform skin disorders! Let’s begin with acne vulgaris, which is an extremely common and high yield skin disorder. The cause of acne is not completely understood, but there are a few main factors that contribute to its formation. First, when keratinocytes in hair follicles overproduce keratin, this may form keratin plugs which clog the opening of the hair follicle.

Second, sebaceous glands have androgen receptors, so if there’s increased androgen production like in puberty, there can also be increased sebum production as a response. The extra sebum can contribute to clogging up the follicles. Now, when there’s an excess in keratin plugs and sebum, they can start to fill up a hair follicle, but if part of the hair follicle still opens to the surface of the skin, then it’s called an open comedone, more commonly known as a blackhead.

Summary

Acneiform skin disorders are a group of skin conditions that result in the formation of papules and pustules that resemble acne vulgaris. Their onset is typically acute and can affect people at any age. Such skin disorders can be caused by several different factors, including excess oil production, blocked pores, some drugs, and bacterial skin infections.

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