Rishi Desai, MD, MPH

Acute radiation syndrome

First Aid 

Chapter 2 Acyanotic Defects  NOTES  CHEMICAL & DRUG TOXICITY  GENERALLY, WHAT IS IT? PATHOLOGY & CAUSES ▪ Variety of disorders caused by excessive exposure to harmful substances ▪ Adverse effects of exposure ▫ Direct damage to DNA, disruption of metabolic processes, organ dysfunction ▪ Excessive exposure to offending agent ▫ Intentional/unintentional, acute/chronic  SIGNS & SYMPTOMS ▪ See individual disorders  DIAGNOSIS ▪ See individual disorders  TREATMENT MEDICATIONS  ▪ Administer available antidote  OTHER INTERVENTIONS  ▪ Removal of offending agent ▪ Address comorbidities, complications  ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROME (ARS) osms.it/acute-radiation-syndrome PATHOLOGY & CAUSES ▪ Group of organ system toxicities caused by excessive exposure to ionizing radiation of whole body/signiﬁcant part of body ▪ Ionizing radiation ▫ Composed of particles, short electromagnetic waves with potential to damage biological tissues; displaces electrons from orbits → creates unstable atoms → ionization occurs as free electrons collide with other atoms ▫ Causes damage to tissues by direct impact on DNA, proteins, cell membrane lipids, generating free radicals; rapidly dividing cells most vulnerable due to  DNA damage; mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic effects Types of ionizing radiation ▪ X-rays, gamma rays ▫ Medical, industrial, military applications (e.g. medical imaging, radiosurgery) ▪ Alpha particles ▫ Unable to penetrate skin, harmful if ingested/inhaled (e.g. plutonium-236, uranium-238) ▪ Beta particles ▫ Penetrate subcutaneous tissues, also harmful if ingested/inhaled (e.g. strontium-90, cesium-137)  OSMOSIS.ORG 241   

Cell membrane

Cell signaling pathways

Cell-cell junctions

Cellular structure and function

Cytoskeleton and intracellular motility

Endocytosis and exocytosis

Extracellular matrix

Nernst equation

Osmosis

Resting membrane potential

Selective permeability of the cell membrane

Cellular biology

Alport syndrome

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Marfan syndrome

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Primary ciliary dyskinesia

Vitamin C deficiency

Adrenoleukodystrophy (NORD)

Leukodystrophy

Zellweger spectrum disorders (NORD)

Cytoskeleton and elastin disorders: Pathology review

Peroxisomal disorders: Pathology review

Disorders of cellular biology

DNA cloning

ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)

Fluorescence in situ hybridization

Gel electrophoresis and genetic testing

Karyotyping

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)

Laboratory techniques

Amino acids and protein folding

Cell cycle

DNA damage and repair

DNA mutations

DNA replication

DNA structure

Epigenetics

Gene regulation

Lac operon

Mitosis and meiosis

Nuclear structure

Nucleotide metabolism

Protein structure and synthesis

Transcription of DNA

Translation of mRNA

Molecular biology

Adenosine deaminase deficiency

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

Orotic aciduria

Bloom syndrome

Fanconi anemia

Li-Fraumeni syndrome

McCune-Albright syndrome

Xeroderma pigmentosum

Purine and pyrimidine synthesis and metabolism disorders: Pathology review

Disorders of molecular biology

Acute radiation syndrome

Videos

Notes