Rishi Desai, MD, MPH

Acute radiation syndrome

Wikipedia

First Aid 

Chapter 2 Acyanotic Defects  NOTES  CHEMICAL & DRUG TOXICITY  GENERALLY, WHAT IS IT? PATHOLOGY & CAUSES ▪ Variety of disorders caused by excessive exposure to harmful substances ▪ Adverse effects of exposure ▫ Direct damage to DNA, disruption of metabolic processes, organ dysfunction ▪ Excessive exposure to offending agent ▫ Intentional/unintentional, acute/chronic  SIGNS & SYMPTOMS ▪ See individual disorders  DIAGNOSIS ▪ See individual disorders  TREATMENT MEDICATIONS  ▪ Administer available antidote  OTHER INTERVENTIONS  ▪ Removal of offending agent ▪ Address comorbidities, complications  ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROME (ARS) osms.it/acute-radiation-syndrome PATHOLOGY & CAUSES ▪ Group of organ system toxicities caused by excessive exposure to ionizing radiation of whole body/signiﬁcant part of body ▪ Ionizing radiation ▫ Composed of particles, short electromagnetic waves with potential to damage biological tissues; displaces electrons from orbits → creates unstable atoms → ionization occurs as free electrons collide with other atoms ▫ Causes damage to tissues by direct impact on DNA, proteins, cell membrane lipids, generating free radicals; rapidly dividing cells most vulnerable due to  DNA damage; mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic effects Types of ionizing radiation ▪ X-rays, gamma rays ▫ Medical, industrial, military applications (e.g. medical imaging, radiosurgery) ▪ Alpha particles ▫ Unable to penetrate skin, harmful if ingested/inhaled (e.g. plutonium-236, uranium-238) ▪ Beta particles ▫ Penetrate subcutaneous tissues, also harmful if ingested/inhaled (e.g. strontium-90, cesium-137)  OSMOSIS.ORG 241   

Lester Holt steps in it: Shoes test positive for radioactive contamination

Cellular structure and function

Cell membrane

Selective permeability of the cell membrane

Extracellular matrix

Cell-cell junctions

Endocytosis and exocytosis

Osmosis

Resting membrane potential

Nernst equation

Cytoskeleton and intracellular motility

Cell signaling pathways

Cellular biology

Leukodystrophy

Adrenoleukodystrophy (NORD)

Zellweger spectrum disorders (NORD)

Primary ciliary dyskinesia

Alport syndrome

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Marfan syndrome

Vitamin C deficiency

Peroxisomal disorders: Pathology review

Cytoskeleton and elastin disorders: Pathology review

Disorders of cellular biology

Nuclear structure

DNA structure

Transcription of DNA

Translation of mRNA

Gene regulation

Epigenetics

Amino acids and protein folding

Protein structure and synthesis

Nucleotide metabolism

DNA replication

Lac operon

DNA damage and repair

Cell cycle

Mitosis and meiosis

DNA mutations

Molecular biology

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

Orotic aciduria

Adenosine deaminase deficiency

Xeroderma pigmentosum

Li-Fraumeni syndrome

Bloom syndrome

Fanconi anemia

McCune-Albright syndrome

Purine and pyrimidine synthesis and metabolism disorders: Pathology review

Disorders of molecular biology

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)

Gel electrophoresis and genetic testing

ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)

Karyotyping

DNA cloning

Fluorescence in situ hybridization

Laboratory techniques

Acute radiation syndrome

Videos

Notes