Acute respiratory distress syndrome

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Acute respiratory distress syndrome

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$NOTES NOTES ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISEASE GENERALLY, WHAT IS IT? DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY & CAUSES ▪ Acute respiratory disorders induced by changes in atmospheric pressure/direct communication between atmosphere, vasculature/pulmonary conditions, diseases (e.g. pulmonary trauma, pneumonia, sepsis, severe burns) ▪ Impaired alveolar gas exchange → hypoxemia ▪ Can lead to potentially fatal conditions SIGNS & SYMPTOMS ▪ Hypoxemia: dyspnea, tachypnea, chest pain DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING ▪ Medical imaging OTHER DIAGNOSTICS ▪ Clinical presentation, history ▪ Arterial blood gases TREATMENT OTHER INTERVENTIONS ▪ Oxygen therapy ▪ Mechanical ventilation ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS) osms.it/ards PATHOLOGY & CAUSES ▪ Acute lung condition ▪ Widespread diffuse inﬂammation → increased vascular permeability, loss of pulmonary tissue ▪ Triggered by pulmonary conditions, diseases (e.g. pulmonary trauma, pneumonia, sepsis) PATHOLOGY ▪ Refractory hypoxemia, reduced pulmonary compliance, pulmonary edema without cardiovascular cause (noncardiogenic pulmonary edema) ▪ Alveolar barrier cells damaged → alveolar sacs ﬂooded → impairs air exchange ▫ Pro-inﬂammatory cytokines released: tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukins ▫ Interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8) → neutrophil activation → toxic substances (reactive oxygen species) released → alveolar and capillary damage → oncotic gradient lost → no ﬂuid resorption → ﬂuid in interstitium ▪ Damaged Type II pneumocytes → surfactant layer malfunction OSMOSIS.ORG 867$

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Acute respiratory distress syndrome

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A 45-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of upper abdominal pain. She has nausea, vomiting, and anorexia. Medical history is contributory for gallstones. Patient's BMI is 39 kg/m2. Her temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), pulse is 107/min, respirations are 31/min, and blood pressure is 85/65 mm Hg. Physical examination shows an ecchymotic discoloration over the flanks. Alkaline phosphatase and serum lipase are both elevated. Which of the following is most likely an associated complication of this patient's condition?

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