Adrenal insufficiency: Pathology review
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Adrenal insufficiency: Pathology review
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Adrenal insufficiency: Pathology review
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Which of the following laboratory findings is most representative of this patient’s clinical presentation?
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While doing your rounds, you see two individuals. First is Mike, a 50-year-old immigrant from Canada who comes in with a 5-month history of progressive fatigue, weight loss, and muscle pain. Personal history is unremarkable but there’s a family history of autoimmune disease. Examination reveals hypotension, and diffuse skin hyperpigmentation most pronounced around the oral mucosa, palmar creases, and knuckles.
Then you see Teresa, a 25-year-old who presents acute vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever. She was accompanied by her mother, who mentions Teresa recently underwent transsphenoidal resection of a pituitary tumor. Examination reveals severe hypotension and altered mental status.
Morning cortisol serum measurements showed decreased levels of serum cortisol in both individuals. Both people have adrenal insufficiency although their symptoms are very different.
Now, adrenal insufficiency is a condition where the adrenal glands don’t produce enough adrenal hormones, particularly cortisol and, sometimes, aldosterone. There are actually three types of adrenal insufficiency. First, primary adrenal insufficiency is when there’s a problem with the adrenal glands themselves. As a result, both cortisol and aldosterone production is deficient. It can be acute, usually due to a massive adrenal hemorrhage, or chronic, in which case it is called Addison disease. Now, a high yield concept to remember is that the most common cause for Addison in high income countries is autoimmune mediated damage to the adrenal glands. In the rest of the world, the most common cause is infection, especially from tuberculosis, but it can also be due to HIV or disseminated fungal infections. Finally, bilateral adrenal metastases of cancer from somewhere else in the body,can also cause chronic adrenal insufficiency.
Summary
Adrenal insufficiency occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient amounts of hormones. The most common type is hypoadrenalism, which refers to insufficient production of cortisol. This can lead to some symptoms and health problems, including fatigue, weakness, weight loss, and abdominal pain. In severe cases, it can even be life-threatening.
Adrenal insufficiency is divided into two types: primary and secondary. Primary adrenal insufficiency is due to a problem with the adrenal gland itself, while secondary adrenal insufficiency is due to a problem with the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland controls the production of cortisol by the adrenal gland.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2019)
- "Greenspan's Basic and Clinical Endocrinology, Tenth Edition" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2017)
- "Diagnostic Complexities of Eosinophilia" Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (2013)
- "Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline" The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (2016)
- "Body Water Homeostasis: Clinical Disorders of Urinary Dilution and Concentration" Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2006)
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