Adult brain tumors

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Adult brain tumors

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Questions

USMLE® Step 1 style questions USMLE

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A 54 year-old woman is brought to the emergency department due to a seizure. People in the homeless shelter who witnessed the event report that she fell to the ground and started having rhythmic jerking movement of the limbs. Her medical history is unknown. Physical examination reveals the patient to be dishevelled, confused, and barely responsive. Computed tomography of the head is obtained and shown below before (left) and after (right) the addition of contrast (shown below):  



Credit: Wikimedia Commons

Which of the following is the most likely origin of this patient's primary tumor?  

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Adult brain tumors are masses of abnormal cells that generally occur in adults, and result from the uncontrolled growth of those cells within the brain.

OK - let’s start with some basic brain anatomy. First off, there’s the cerebral cortex which is the part of the brain that’s supratentorial or above the tentorium, and the cerebellum, which is infratentorial or below the tentorium.

And the brain has four interconnected cavities called ventricles, which are filled with cerebrospinal fluid - a fluid that helps provide buoyancy and protection, as well as metabolic fuel for the brain.

Highest up, are two C-shaped lateral ventricles that lie deep in each cerebral hemisphere.

The two lateral ventricles drain their cerebrospinal fluid into the third ventricle, which is a narrow, funnel-shaped, cavity at the center of the brain.

The third ventricle makes a bit more cerebrospinal fluid and then sends all of the cerebrospinal fluid to the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct.

The fourth ventricle is a tent-shaped cavity located between the brainstem and the cerebellum.

After the fourth ventricle, the cerebrospinal fluid enters the subarachnoid space, which is the space between the arachnoid and pia mater, two of the inner linings of the meninges which cover and protect both the brain and spine.

So this makes it possible for cerebrospinal fluid to also flow through the central canal of the spine.

Now, focusing in on cells within the brain - there are many different types with specialized functions.

For example, neurons communicate neurologic information through neurotransmitter regulated electrical impulses.

Sources

  1. "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
  2. "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
  3. "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
  4. "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2019)
  5. "The 2007 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System" Acta Neuropathologica (2007)
Elsevier

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