Anatomy clinical correlates: Arm, elbow and forearm
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Anatomy clinical correlates: Arm, elbow and forearm
Anatomy
Introduction
Introduction to the skeletal system
Introduction to the muscular system
Neck
Bones of the neck
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, fascia and muscles of the neck
Back
Bones of the vertebral column
Joints of the vertebral column
Vessels and nerves of the vertebral column
Muscles of the back
Anatomy of the suboccipital region
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, joints and muscles of the back
Abdomen
Anatomy of the muscles and nerves of the posterior abdominal wall
Upper limb
Bones of the upper limb
Fascia, vessels and nerves of the upper limb
Anatomy of the brachial plexus
Anatomy of the pectoral and scapular regions
Anatomy of the arm
Muscles of the forearm
Vessels and nerves of the forearm
Muscles of the hand
Anatomy of the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints
Anatomy of the glenohumeral joint
Anatomy of the elbow joint
Anatomy of the radioulnar joints
Joints of the wrist and hand
Anatomy of the axilla
Anatomy clinical correlates: Clavicle and shoulder
Anatomy clinical correlates: Axilla
Anatomy clinical correlates: Arm, elbow and forearm
Anatomy clinical correlates: Wrist and hand
Anatomy clinical correlates: Median, ulnar and radial nerves
Lower limb
Bones of the lower limb
Fascia, vessels, and nerves of the lower limb
Anatomy of the anterior and medial thigh
Muscles of the gluteal region and posterior thigh
Vessels and nerves of the gluteal region and posterior thigh
Anatomy of the popliteal fossa
Anatomy of the leg
Anatomy of the foot
Anatomy of the hip joint
Anatomy of the knee joint
Anatomy of the tibiofibular joints
Joints of the ankle and foot
Anatomy clinical correlates: Hip, gluteal region and thigh
Anatomy clinical correlates: Knee
Anatomy clinical correlates: Leg and ankle
Anatomy clinical correlates: Foot
Memory Anchors and Partner Content
Transcript
The majority of things we do every day require the use of our arms and forearms. Sometimes we forget how heavily we rely on our arms, and are quickly reminded how important they are when injury occurs. So, let's take a look at common injuries occurring to the arm and forearm.
Alright, let's begin by looking at fractures of the humerus, the main bone of the arm. The most common kind are fractures of the surgical neck of the humerus, which occur more frequently in elderly people with osteoporosis who have structurally weaker bones. The cause is usually indirect trauma, like falling on the hand with an extended arm.
Surgical neck fractures can result in damage to nearby structures, such as the axillary nerve causing cutaneous deficits in the proximal lateral arm, as well as damage to the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries.
Next, there are humeral shaft fractures, which are usually caused by direct trauma. Now, remember that the radial nerve passes through the radial, or spiral, groove on the back of the humerus, so a common complication of midshaft humeral fractures is radial nerve injury.
Radial nerve injury results in damage to the extensors of the wrist and potential wrist drop, as well as cutaneous sensation dysfunction of the dorsal hand, forearm, and upper arm. Additionally, the deep brachial artery travels with the radial nerve in the spiral groove and can also be damaged. Finally, distal humeral fractures are a result of trauma to the elbow region, or hyperextension injuries.
In a supracondylar fracture, which is a fracture above the epicondyles, an anteriorly displaced portion of the fractured humerus on the medial supracondylar region could injure the median nerve, resulting in wrist flexion weakness and cutaneous deficits of the anterior 3 and a half digits, as well as the brachial vessels.
Sources
- "Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults" Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2015)
- "Olecranon bursitis" Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery (2016)
- "Treatment of olecranon bursitis: a systematic review" Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery (2014)
- "The fate of missed atlanto-axial rotatory subluxation in children" Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery (1998)
- "Low incidence of flexion-type supracondylar humerus fractures but high rate of complications" Acta Orthopaedica (2016)
- "Medial Epicondylitis" Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (2015)
- "Humerus fractures overview" StatPearls Publishing (2021)
- "Humeral shaft fractures" StatPearls Publishing (2021)
- "Fracture supracondylar humerus: a review" J Clin Diagn Res (2016)
- "Golfers elbow" StatPearls Publishing (2021)
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