Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, joints and muscles of the back
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Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, joints and muscles of the back
Subspeciality surgery
Cardiothoracic surgery
Coronary artery disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Valvular heart disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Pericardial disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Aortic aneurysms and dissections: Clinical (To be retired)
Chest trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Pleural effusion: Clinical (To be retired)
Pneumothorax: Clinical (To be retired)
Lung cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Thoracic wall
Anatomy clinical correlates: Heart
Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Mediastinum
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors
cGMP mediated smooth muscle vasodilators
Lipid-lowering medications: Statins
Lipid-lowering medications: Fibrates
Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications
Antiplatelet medications
Plastic surgery
Benign hyperpigmented skin lesions: Clinical (To be retired)
Skin cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Blistering skin disorders: Clinical (To be retired)
Bites and stings: Clinical (To be retired)
Burns: Clinical (To be retired)
ENT (Otolaryngology)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Olfactory (CN I) and optic (CN II) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Facial (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (X), spinal accessory (CN XI) and hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Skull, face and scalp
Anatomy clinical correlates: Ear
Anatomy clinical correlates: Temporal regions, oral cavity and nose
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, fascia and muscles of the neck
Anatomy clinical correlates: Vessels, nerves and lymphatics of the neck
Anatomy clinical correlates: Viscera of the neck
Antihistamines for allergies
Neurosurgery
Stroke: Clinical (To be retired)
Seizures: Clinical (To be retired)
Headaches: Clinical (To be retired)
Traumatic brain injury: Clinical (To be retired)
Neck trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Brain tumors: Clinical (To be retired)
Lower back pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Olfactory (CN I) and optic (CN II) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV) and abducens (CN VI) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Facial (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (X), spinal accessory (CN XI) and hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Vertebral canal
Anatomy clinical correlates: Spinal cord pathways
Anatomy clinical correlates: Cerebral hemispheres
Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior blood supply to the brain
Anatomy clinical correlates: Cerebellum and brainstem
Anatomy clinical correlates: Posterior blood supply to the brain
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Barbiturates
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines
Nonbenzodiazepine anticonvulsants
Migraine medications
Osmotic diuretics
Antiplatelet medications
Thrombolytics
Ophthalmology
Eye conditions: Refractive errors, lens disorders and glaucoma: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Retinal disorders: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Inflammation, infections and trauma: Pathology review
Anatomy clinical correlates: Olfactory (CN I) and optic (CN II) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV) and abducens (CN VI) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Eye
Orthopedic surgery
Joint pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Lower back pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Clavicle and shoulder
Anatomy clinical correlates: Axilla
Anatomy clinical correlates: Arm, elbow and forearm
Anatomy clinical correlates: Wrist and hand
Anatomy clinical correlates: Median, ulnar and radial nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, joints and muscles of the back
Anatomy clinical correlates: Hip, gluteal region and thigh
Anatomy clinical correlates: Knee
Anatomy clinical correlates: Leg and ankle
Anatomy clinical correlates: Foot
Trauma surgery
Traumatic brain injury: Clinical (To be retired)
Neck trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Chest trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Abdominal trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Urology
Prostate disorders and cancer: Pathology review
Testicular tumors: Pathology review
Kidney stones: Clinical (To be retired)
Renal cysts and cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Urinary incontinence: Pathology review
Testicular and scrotal conditions: Pathology review
Anatomy clinical correlates: Male pelvis and perineum
Anatomy clinical correlates: Female pelvis and perineum
Anatomy clinical correlates: Other abdominal organs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Inguinal region
Androgens and antiandrogens
PDE5 inhibitors
Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers
Vascular surgery
Peripheral vascular disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Leg ulcers: Clinical (To be retired)
Aortic aneurysms and dissections: Clinical (To be retired)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior and posterior abdominal wall
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
Lipid-lowering medications: Statins
Lipid-lowering medications: Fibrates
Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications
Antiplatelet medications
Thrombolytics
Transcript
Contributors
Cassidy Dermott
Anca-Elena Stefan, MD
Kaylee Neff
Zachary Kevorkian, MSMI
The vertebral column is a very complex boney structure with numerous articulating joints and multiple muscles that support it and the vertebral canal. As with any part of our body, all of these structures are prone to injury. If you aren’t familiar yet with what type of injuries, don’t worry, we got your back!
Let’s start with fractures involving the C1 vertebra, or atlas. These fractures are also called Jefferson or burst fractures. As you might remember, C1 is a ring shaped bone that has paired wedge shaped lateral masses connected by thin anterior and posterior arches and a transverse ligament. The C1 vertebra sustains the weight of the cranium, kind of like how the God Atlas of Greek mythology bore the weight of the world on his shoulders.
Now, because the taller side of the lateral mass is directed laterally, when there are vertical forces that compress the lateral masses between the occipital condyles above, and the C2 or axis below, this compressive force drives the two lateral masses of the C1 vertebrae apart, which can lead to fractures in one or both of the anterior or posterior arches. A classic example of this is striking the bottom of the pool with the top of your head when diving. If the force is really strong, it could even rupture the transverse ligament.
The Jefferson fracture doesn’t necessarily lead to spinal cord injury. This is because the diameter of the vertebral ring actually increases. However, spinal cord injury could happen if the transverse ligament ruptures as well, potentially resulting in the dens of the C2 vertebra, or the odontoid process, compressing on the spinal cord which we will get to shortly.
On a CT-scan, a C1 fracture looks something like this. You can see where the bone has been broken and how the lateral mass shifts laterally. Moving on, the C2 vertebra, or the axis, can also be fractured. C2 is called the axis because it has a bony protrusion called the dens of the axis that fits within the atlas ring, so this articulation allows rotation of the neck from side to side, like shaking your head no.
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