Anatomy clinical correlates: Other abdominal organs

1,005views

00:00 / 00:00

Preguntas

Preguntas del estilo USMLE Step 1

de completadas

Preguntas del estilo USMLE Step 2

de completadas

A 40-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of left flank pain radiating to the groin. The pain started two hours ago, is sharp, and is rated by the patient as a 10/10. The patient has hematuria but no dysuria or urgency. The rest of the systemic review is unremarkable. Past medical history is noncontributory. Temperature is 36.7°C (98°F), pulse is 84/min, respirations are 17/min, and blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg. Physical examination shows no costovertebral angle tenderness. Plain radiograph of the abdomen and pelvis shows a 4 mm calcified density at the level of the lower left sacrum, just above the level of the vesicoureteric junction. This patient’s groin pain is most likely referred from the involvement of which of the following nerves?  

Transcript

Watch video only

The abdominal cavity is home to plenty of organs. Some of them, like the stomach and intestines, are part of the gastrointestinal tract. Other organs, like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas, help with digestion, even though they’re not part of the GI tract itself. And then there are also organs like the spleen, kidneys and ureters, which are part of other important, non gastrointestinal systems. So let’s take a look at the injuries and diseases that can affect these abdominal organs.

First off, we have portal hypertension, which basically means increased pressure in the portal venous system. This is most commonly caused by liver cirrhosis, but can also be caused by vascular obstruction. Some causes of vascular obstruction include portal vein thrombosis, Budd-Chiari syndrome which is thrombosis or compression of the hepatic veins, as well as the parasitic flatworm infection known as schistosomiasis.

Okay, now, when fibrosis in the liver from cirrhosis obstructs the portal vein, the pressure rises in the portal vein and into its tributaries. This large volume of congested blood flows out from the portal system into the systemic system at the sites of portosystemic anastomoses, also called portocaval anastomoses.

The first site of portosystemic anastomosis is at the lower esophagus. At this point, the high pressure in the portal system can reach the anastomosis between the left gastric veins and the esophageal veins in the lower esophagus, causing engorged varicose veins which may then go on to rupture and lead to upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Fuentes

  1. "Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis" Digestive Diseases (2005)
  2. "Normal main portal vein diameter measured on CT is larger than the widely referenced upper limit of 13 mm" NY (2016)
  3. "2016 WSES guidelines on acute calculous cholecystitis" World Journal of Emergency Surgery (2016)
  4. "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" The Lancet (2015)
  5. "Postcholecystectomy syndrome (PCS)" International Journal of Surgery (2010)
  6. "Structure and function of the spleen" Nature Reviews Immunology (2005)
  7. "Gallstone Disease: Diagnosis and Management of Cholelithiasis, Cholecystitis and Choledocholithiasis" UK (2014)
Elsevier

Copyright © 2024 Elsevier, its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

Cookies are used by this site.

USMLE® is a joint program of the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) and the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME). COMLEX-USA® is a registered trademark of The National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners, Inc. NCLEX-RN® is a registered trademark of the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. Test names and other trademarks are the property of the respective trademark holders. None of the trademark holders are endorsed by nor affiliated with Osmosis or this website.

RELX