Anatomy clinical correlates: Thoracic wall

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A 16-year-old boy comes to his outpatient provider for evaluation of exercise intolerance. His symptoms have been ongoing for many years but have recently become more bothersome after he started playing soccer for his high school team. He fatigues more easily than his friends and cannot keep up with them during matches. The patient also experiences frequent bruising after minor falls. Family history is noncontributory. In the office, his temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), blood pressure is 108/73 mmHg, pulse is 65/min, and respiratory rate is 15/min. Physical examination reveals hyperelastic skin, hypermobile joints and multiple bruises over the bilateral lower extremities. Examination of the chest reveals the following finding:  


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Which of the following is the most likely underlying etiology of this patient’s symptoms?  

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If it wasn't for our thoracic wall, many of the important organs in our thoracic cavity would be unprotected and vulnerable to injury.

But sometimes the thoracic wall itself can be injured, which has a wide range of clinical consequences depending on the affected structures.

Let’s start by talking about the ribs.

First, like any other bone in our body, ribs can break, causing rib fractures.

These usually result from direct trauma or crushing injuries.

The middle ribs are the ones most commonly fractured.

The weakest part of a rib is the posterolateral bend, anterior to its angle.

However, direct trauma can cause a rib to fracture anywhere.

The broken part of the rib can harm internal organs, such as the liver, kidney or the spleen.

Rib fractures higher up can cause mediastinal injuries, and if the fracture is lower, then it can tear the diaphragm.

Furthermore, rib fractures at any level have the risk of causing an intrathoracic injury such as a pneumothorax, which is when there’s air in the pleural cavity, and that doesn’t allow the lung on that side to expand properly.

Since ribs move during respiration, coughing, laughing and sneezing are very painful after a rib fracture!

A related injury is a flail chest, which is when three or more ribs fracture in two or more places, which can allow a big segment of the thoracic wall to move freely.

During a normal inspiration, the thoracic wall expands outwards and increases its diameter, whereas during expiration, it decreases its diameter to expel air.

However, when there’s a flail chest, the movement is paradoxical, meaning that during inspiration, the free segment actually moves inward and during expiration, it moves outward.

This is an extremely painful injury that impairs ventilation, and, as a consequence, blood isn’t properly oxygenated.

Management wise, for a flail chest, you want to ensure adequate pain control and supplemental oxygen if needed.

If respiratory failure occurs as a result of the flail chest, then positive pressure ventilation can be used to force the flail chest segment out during inspiration.

Fuentes

  1. "Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy" University of Chicago Press (1992)
  2. "Anatomy & Physiology" Wikipedia (2009)
  3. "Congenital Thoracic Wall Deformities" Springer Science & Business Media (2011)
  4. "Median sternotomy" Multimedia Manual of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (2015)
  5. "Management of Congenital Chest Wall Deformities" Seminars in Plastic Surgery (2011)
  6. "Mosby's Medical Dictionary" Elsevier (2013)
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