Anatomy of the foot

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Anatomy of the Foot

LABELED DIAGRAMS
Figure 1. Sections and Bones of the Foot A. Lateral (Left) B. Anterior (Right)
Figure 2. Compartments of the Foot A. Cut Section through Mid-Foot
Figure 3. First Layer of the Foot A. Plantar View of Right Foot
Figure 4. Second Layer of the Foot A. Plantar View of Right Foot
Figure 5. Third Layer of the Foot A. Plantar View of Right Foot
Figure 6. Fourth Layer of the Foot A. Plantar View of Right Foot
Figure 7. Dorsal Foot
Figure 8. Innervation of the Foot A. Plantar View of Right Foot
Figure 9. Cutaneous Innervation of the Foot A. Plantar View of Right Foot B. Anterior View of Left Foot and Ankle
Figure 10. Blood Supply of Plantar Foot A. Plantar View of Right Foot
Figure 11. Blood Supply of Dorsal Foot A. Anterior View of Left Foot
MUSCLES OF THE FOOT
Muscles
Origin
Insertion
Innervation
Action
Plantar Muscles - First Layer
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
  • Medial Tubercle of the Calcaneal Tuberosity and the Plantar Aponeurosis
  • Both Sides of Middle Phalanges (Lateral 4 Digits)
  • Medial Plantar Nerve
  • Flexes the Lateral Four Toes at the Metatarso-phalangeal and Proximal Inter-phalangeal Joints
Abductor Hallucis
  • Medial Tubercle  of the Calcaneal Tuberosity and Plantar Aponeurosis
  • Medial Side of the Base of the Proximal Phalanx of the Great Toe
  • Medial Plantar Nerve
  • Abducts and Flexes the Great Toe at the Metatarsophalangeal Joint
Abductor Digiti Minimi
  • Lateral and Medial Tubercles  of the Calcaneal Tuberosity and on the Plantar Aponeurosis
  • Lateral Side of the Base of Proximal Phalanx of the 5th Digit
  • Lateral Plantar Nerve
  • Abducts and Flexes the 5th Digit at the Metatarsophalangeal Joint
Plantar Muscles - Second Layer
Quadratus Plantae
  • Medial and Lateral Plantar Surface of the Calcaneus
  • Posterolateral Margin of the Tendon of Flexor Digitorum Longus
  • Lateral Plantar Nerve
  • Assists Flexor Digitorum Longus in Flexing the Lateral Four Digits
Lumbricals
  • Medial Surface of Flexor Digitorum Longus Tendons
  • Expansion over Lateral Four Digits


  • Medial Lumbrical- Medial Plantar Nerve

  • Lateral Three Lumbricals: Lateral Plantar Nerve


  • Flexion of the Metatarso-phalangeal Joints and Extension of Both Inter-phalangeal Joints
Plantar Muscles - Third Layer
Flexor Hallucis Brevis
  • Plantar Surfaces of the Cuboid and Lateral(3rd) Cuneiform Bone
  • Both Sides of the Base of the Proximal Phalanx of the Great Toe 
  • Medial Plantar Nerve
  • Flexes the Proximal Phalanx of the Great Toe at the Metatarso-phalangeal Joint
Adductor Hallucis
  • Oblique Head: Bases of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Metatarsals
  • Transverse Head: Plantar Ligaments of the Metatarsophalangeal Joints 
  • Lateral Side of the Base of the Proximal phalanx of the Great Toe
  • Deep Branch of Lateral Plantar Nerve
  • Adducts the Great Toe and Assists in Maintaining the Transverse Arch of the Foot
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
  • Base of 5th Metatarsal
  • Lateral Side of the Base of the 5th Digit’s  Proximal Phalanx
  • Superficial Branch of Lateral Plantar Nerve
  • Flexes the 5th Digit at Metatarso-phalangeal Joint
Plantar Muscles - Fourth Layer
Plantar Interossei
  • Medial Sides of the Metatarsals 3-5
  • Medial Sides of the Proximal Phalanges of Digits 3-5
  • Lateral Plantar Nerve
  • Adducts and Flexes Digits 3-5 at the Metatarso-phalangeal Joint
Dorsal Interossei
  • Adjacent Sides of the Shafts of Metatarsals 1-5
  • 1st muscle: Medial Side of the Proximal Phalanx of the 2nd Digit
  • 2nd-4th: Lateral Sides of the Proximal Phalanges of Digits 2-4
  • Lateral Plantar Nerve
  • Abducts and Flexes Digits 2-4 at the Metatarso-phalangeal Joints
Dorsal Muscles
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
  • Calcaneus
  • Expansion of the Digits 2-4
  • Deep Fibular Nerve
  • Extend Digits 2-4 at the Metatarso-phalangeal and Inter-     phalangeal Joints
Extensor Hallucis Brevis
  • Calcaneus (Shares Common Belly with Extensor Digitorum Brevis)
  • Proximal Phalanx of Great Toe
  • Deep Fibular Nerve
  • Extends Great Toe at the Metatarso-phalangeal Joint
UNLABELED DIAGRAMS

Transcript

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Okay everyone, you are going to get a real kick out of this video, because we're going to talk about the anatomy of the foot.

The foot can be divided into two main parts - the sole or plantar region, which is the part of the foot contacting the ground, and the dorsum of the foot or the dorsal region, which is the part directed superiorly.

Alternatively, it can be divided into three sections - the hindfoot, containing the talus and calcaneus; the midfoot, containing the navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms; and the forefoot, which includes the metatarsals and phalanges.

The foot also has two important landmarks - the heel, which is the sole of the foot underlying the calcaneus, and the ball of the foot, which is the sole underlying the heads of the medial two metatarsals.

So let’s talk a bit about the foot’s components. The most superficial elements are skin and fascia, which vary in thickness and strength across the foot, depending on if the area has roles in weight-bearing, ground contact, or compartmentalization.

The skin on the dorsum of the foot is much thinner and less sensitive than the one on the sole. By contrast, the thick skin on the sole is ticklish, hairless, and has numerous sweat glands.

The fascia of the foot can be divided into superficial and deep fascia. The superficial fascia or the subcutaneous fat tissue is loose and deep to the dorsal skin.

It is much more fibrous in the sole and is thicker than in other areas of the foot, making the heel act as a shock absorbing pad.

The deep fascia of the dorsum of the foot is rather thin and continuous proximally with the inferior extensor retinaculum.

It is also continuous with the plantar fascia, the deep fascia of the sole, over the lateral and posterior aspects of the foot

Speaking of which, the plantar fascia on the plantar aspect of the foot helps protect the sole from injury, and supports the longitudinal arches of the foot.

It consists of a thick central part, called the plantar aponeurosis, and weaker medial and lateral parts.

The plantar aponeurosis is strong, because it consists mostly of longitudinal bundles of dense fibrous connective tissue that invests the central plantar muscles.

These longitudinal fibers originate as a single entity on the medial process of the tuberosity of the calcaneus, and as they move towards the toes, they divide into five bands that become continuous with the fibrous digital sheaths that enclose the flexor tendons that pass to the toes.

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