Androgen insensitivity syndrome
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Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Endocrine system
Adrenal gland disorders
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Primary adrenal insufficiency
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
Hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal cortical carcinoma
Cushing syndrome
Conn syndrome
Thyroid gland disorders
Thyroglossal duct cyst
Hyperthyroidism
Graves disease
Thyroid eye disease (NORD)
Toxic multinodular goiter
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Hypothyroidism
Euthyroid sick syndrome
Hashimoto thyroiditis
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Hypoparathyroidism
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Hyperprolactinemia
Prolactinoma
Gigantism
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Hypopituitarism
Growth hormone deficiency
Pituitary apoplexy
Sheehan syndrome
Hypoprolactinemia
Constitutional growth delay
Diabetes insipidus
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
Gonadal dysfunction
Precocious puberty
Delayed puberty
Premature ovarian failure
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Kallmann syndrome
5-alpha-reductase deficiency
Polyglandular syndromes
Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (NORD)
Endocrine tumors
Multiple endocrine neoplasia
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Carcinoid syndrome
Pheochromocytoma
Neuroblastoma
Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (NORD)
Endocrine system pathology review
Adrenal insufficiency: Pathology review
Adrenal masses: Pathology review
Hyperthyroidism: Pathology review
Hypothyroidism: Pathology review
Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer: Pathology review
Parathyroid disorders and calcium imbalance: Pathology review
Diabetes mellitus: Pathology review
Cushing syndrome and Cushing disease: Pathology review
Pituitary tumors: Pathology review
Hypopituitarism: Pathology review
Diabetes insipidus and SIADH: Pathology review
Multiple endocrine neoplasia: Pathology review
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review
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Androgen insensitivity syndrome p. 663
Estrogen p. 654, 680
androgen insensitivity syndrome p. 663
Testosterone p. 652, 682
androgen insensitivity syndrome p. 663
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Transcript
Contributors
Marisa Pedron
Tanner Marshall, MS
Androgen insensitivity syndrome is a genetic disorder, in which a person with an XY genotype - genetically a male – is “insensitive” or doesn’t respond to androgens, which are male sex hormones.
Androgens are responsible for primary sex characteristics like development of the penis and testes as well as secondary sex characteristics like height and body shape, so in androgen insensitivity syndrome all of these can be affected.
Okay, normally, very early on in fetal life, male and female genital tissues are undifferentiated and look identical.
During the 7th or 8th week, the fetal gonads develop either into testes or ovaries.
In males, a gene on the Y chromosome, called the sex-determining region Y gene, or SRY gene for short, helps the fetal gonads turn into the testes.
By the end of week 8, the testes start producing androgens, the main one being testosterone.
A small fraction of testosterone, gets converted by the enzyme 5α- reductase into its more potent form, called dihydrotestosterone, which is mostly responsible for development of male external genitalia.
Looking closely at these structures, at the top there’s the genital tubercle, which is a small projection.
Just below that, there's the urethral groove, which is the external opening of the urogenital sinus or the future urethra and bladder and is surrounded by the urethral folds and the labioscrotal swellings.
Now, once dihydrotestosterone reaches the undifferentiated external genital structures, it makes the genital tubercle elongate into the phallus that eventually becomes part of the penis.
Summary
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a rare genetic disorder that affects how the body responds to testosterone. Testosterone is a hormone that is responsible for the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. People with AIS either do not have any testosterone receptors, or their receptors are not sensitive to testosterone. As a result, an individual presents with females' physical characteristics, despite having XY chromosomes (genetic makeup for males).
There are three types of AIS: complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS), partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS), and mild androgen insensitivity syndrome (MAIS). CAIS is the most severe type, while MAIS is the mildest. Individuals with AIS will usually have a normal female phenotype of appearance, but they may have infrequent or absent periods and be infertile.
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