Anemia: Clinical (To be retired)
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Anemia: Clinical (To be retired)
Medicine and surgery
Allergy and immunology
Antihistamines for allergies
Glucocorticoids
Cardiology, cardiac surgery and vascular surgery
Coronary artery disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Heart failure: Clinical (To be retired)
Syncope: Clinical (To be retired)
Hypertension: Clinical (To be retired)
Hypercholesterolemia: Clinical (To be retired)
Peripheral vascular disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Leg ulcers: Clinical (To be retired)
Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors
Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics
Calcium channel blockers
Lipid-lowering medications: Statins
Lipid-lowering medications: Fibrates
Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications
Antiplatelet medications
Dermatology and plastic surgery
Hypersensitivity skin reactions: Clinical (To be retired)
Eczematous rashes: Clinical (To be retired)
Papulosquamous skin disorders: Clinical (To be retired)
Alopecia: Clinical (To be retired)
Hypopigmentation skin disorders: Clinical (To be retired)
Benign hyperpigmented skin lesions: Clinical (To be retired)
Skin cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Endocrinology and ENT (Otolaryngology)
Diabetes mellitus: Clinical (To be retired)
Hyperthyroidism: Clinical (To be retired)
Hypothyroidism and thyroiditis: Clinical (To be retired)
Dizziness and vertigo: Clinical (To be retired)
Hyperthyroidism medications
Hypothyroidism medications
Insulins
Hypoglycemics: Insulin secretagogues
Miscellaneous hypoglycemics
Gastroenterology and general surgery
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Clinical (To be retired)
Peptic ulcers and stomach cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Diarrhea: Clinical (To be retired)
Malabsorption: Clinical (To be retired)
Colorectal cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Diverticular disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Anal conditions: Clinical (To be retired)
Cirrhosis: Clinical (To be retired)
Breast cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Laxatives and cathartics
Antidiarrheals
Acid reducing medications
Hematology and oncology
Anemia: Clinical (To be retired)
Anticoagulants: Warfarin
Anticoagulants: Direct factor inhibitors
Antiplatelet medications
Infectious diseases
Pneumonia: Clinical (To be retired)
Urinary tract infections: Clinical (To be retired)
Skin and soft tissue infections: Clinical (To be retired)
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Aminoglycosides
Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins
Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Metronidazole
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones
Herpesvirus medications
Azoles
Echinocandins
Miscellaneous antifungal medications
Anti-mite and louse medications
Nephrology and urology
Chronic kidney disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Kidney stones: Clinical (To be retired)
Urinary incontinence: Pathology review
ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors
PDE5 inhibitors
Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers
Neurology and neurosurgery
Stroke: Clinical (To be retired)
Lower back pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Headaches: Clinical (To be retired)
Migraine medications
Pulmonology and thoracic surgery
Asthma: Clinical (To be retired)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Clinical (To be retired)
Lung cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Antihistamines for allergies
Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists
Bronchodilators: Leukotriene antagonists and methylxanthines
Pulmonary corticosteroids and mast cell inhibitors
Rheumatology and orthopedic surgery
Joint pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Rheumatoid arthritis: Clinical (To be retired)
Lower back pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Clavicle and shoulder
Anatomy clinical correlates: Arm, elbow and forearm
Anatomy clinical correlates: Wrist and hand
Anatomy clinical correlates: Median, ulnar and radial nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, joints and muscles of the back
Anatomy clinical correlates: Hip, gluteal region and thigh
Anatomy clinical correlates: Knee
Anatomy clinical correlates: Leg and ankle
Anatomy clinical correlates: Foot
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Glucocorticoids
Opioid agonists, mixed agonist-antagonists and partial agonists
Antigout medications
Non-biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
Osteoporosis medications
Assessments
Anemia: Clinical (To be retired)
USMLE® Step 2 questions
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Questions
USMLE® Step 2 style questions USMLE
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Transcript
Content Reviewers
Rishi Desai, MD, MPHAnemia is a blood disorder where the body doesn’t have enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin, resulting in poorly oxygenated tissues throughout the body. This condition takes many forms, ranging from mild to severe depending on the cause.
Anemia in males is a hemoglobin below 13.5 g/dL or a hematocrit less than 41%, and in females it’s a hemoglobin below 12.0 g/dL or a hematocrit less than 36%, but those numbers can differ based on which guidelines you’re using. Also, people with chronic respiratory diseases like emphysema or medical problems like malnutrition may have symptoms of anemia even at normal levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit. In addition, those living at altitude can have high levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit to help deal with the lower oxygen levels. So it’s good to keep in mind that these guidelines aren’t appropriate for everyone. Now, the most common signs and symptoms of anemia are dyspnea with exertion and at rest, fatigue, pallor, and a hyperdynamic state like bounding pulses and palpitations.
If someone is anemic, the first thing to look at is the mean corpuscular volume or MCV. An MCV of less than 80 femtoliters is low, so microcytic, between 80 and 100 femtoliters is normal, so normocytic, and above 100 femtoliters is high, so macrocytic. Of course, some individuals might have a few types or causes of anemia mixed together, and that’s where things get more complicated. Most microcytic and macrocytic anemias are caused by a problem in producing either red blood cells or hemoglobin, and in those situations we can measure the reticulocyte production index (RPI) or corrected reticulocyte count (CRC). This number is the percentage of red blood cells that are reticulocytes, or immature, and is normally between 0.5 and 2.5%. A person with anemia and less than 2% RPI means that their body is not capable of producing enough red blood cells. In certain normocytic anemias that are caused by the loss or destruction of red blood cells, the RPI is above 2% because the body increases red blood cell production to replace the ones that were lost.
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