Anergy, exhaustion, and clonal deletion

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Anergy, exhaustion, and clonal deletion

Immune system

Introduction to the immune system

Introduction to the immune system

Adaptive immune system

T-cell development
B-cell development
MHC class I and MHC class II molecules
T-cell activation
B-cell activation and differentiation
Cell-mediated immunity of CD4 cells
Cell-mediated immunity of natural killer and CD8 cells
Antibody classes
Somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation
VDJ rearrangement
Contracting the immune response and peripheral tolerance
B- and T-cell memory
Anergy, exhaustion, and clonal deletion
Vaccinations

Cytokines

Cytokines

Hypersensitivity reactions

Type I hypersensitivity
Type II hypersensitivity
Type III hypersensitivity
Type IV hypersensitivity

Innate immune system

Complement system
Innate immune system

Evaluaciones

Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 questions

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High Yield Notes

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Flashcards

Anergy, exhaustion, and clonal deletion

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Preguntas

Preguntas del estilo USMLE® Step 1

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A blood sample containing a large number of dendritic cells and natural killer cells is isolated from a patient with severe autoimmune disease. When the blood is exposed to T cells expressing high levels of PD-1 receptors, the T cells remain active. When the blood is exposed to T cells expressing high levels of CTLA-4, or high levels of Fas receptors, the T cells undergo inactivation or apoptosis, respectively. Which of the following processes is dysfunctional in this patient?  

External References

First Aid

2024

2023

2022

2021

Anergy p. 108

B cells p. 409

anergy p. 108

T cells p. 409

anergy p. 108

Resumen

Anergy is a state in which the immune system is unable to mount a normal immune response against a specific antigen. This may be caused by a defect in the molecular mechanisms that initiate T-cell activation or by a block in the signal transduction pathway downstream of the T-cell receptor.

Exhaustion is a state of T cell dysfunction that results from many chronic infections or cancer. It is characterized by the loss of cytolytic function, inability to produce cytokines, and downregulation of markers of activation.

Clonal deletion is the process whereby self-reactive T cells die as a result of apoptosis. The process of clonal deletion is an important mechanism for maintaining self-tolerance and preventing autoimmunity.