Anthelmintic medications
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Anthelmintic medications
Medical and surgical emergencies
Cardiology, cardiac surgery and vascular surgery
Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS): Clinical (To be retired)
Supraventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Ventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Heart blocks: Pathology review
Coronary artery disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Heart failure: Clinical (To be retired)
Syncope: Clinical (To be retired)
Pericardial disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Valvular heart disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Chest trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Shock: Clinical (To be retired)
Peripheral vascular disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Leg ulcers: Clinical (To be retired)
Aortic aneurysms and dissections: Clinical (To be retired)
Cholinomimetics: Direct agonists
Cholinomimetics: Indirect agonists (anticholinesterases)
Muscarinic antagonists
Sympathomimetics: Direct agonists
Sympatholytics: Alpha-2 agonists
Adrenergic antagonists: Presynaptic
Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors
Loop diuretics
Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics
Calcium channel blockers
cGMP mediated smooth muscle vasodilators
Class I antiarrhythmics: Sodium channel blockers
Class II antiarrhythmics: Beta blockers
Class III antiarrhythmics: Potassium channel blockers
Class IV antiarrhythmics: Calcium channel blockers and others
Positive inotropic medications
Antiplatelet medications
Dermatology and plastic surgery
Blistering skin disorders: Clinical (To be retired)
Bites and stings: Clinical (To be retired)
Burns: Clinical (To be retired)
Endocrinology and ENT (Otolaryngology)
Diabetes mellitus: Clinical (To be retired)
Hyperthyroidism: Clinical (To be retired)
Hypothyroidism and thyroiditis: Clinical (To be retired)
Parathyroid conditions and calcium imbalance: Clinical (To be retired)
Adrenal insufficiency: Clinical (To be retired)
Neck trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Insulins
Mineralocorticoids and mineralocorticoid antagonists
Glucocorticoids
Gastroenterology and general surgery
Abdominal pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Appendicitis: Clinical (To be retired)
Gastrointestinal bleeding: Clinical (To be retired)
Peptic ulcers and stomach cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Inflammatory bowel disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Diverticular disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Gallbladder disorders: Clinical (To be retired)
Pancreatitis: Clinical (To be retired)
Cirrhosis: Clinical (To be retired)
Hernias: Clinical (To be retired)
Bowel obstruction: Clinical (To be retired)
Abdominal trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Laxatives and cathartics
Antidiarrheals
Acid reducing medications
Hematology and oncology
Blood products and transfusion: Clinical (To be retired)
Venous thromboembolism: Clinical (To be retired)
Anticoagulants: Heparin
Anticoagulants: Warfarin
Anticoagulants: Direct factor inhibitors
Antiplatelet medications
Thrombolytics
Infectious diseases
Fever of unknown origin: Clinical (To be retired)
Infective endocarditis: Clinical (To be retired)
Pneumonia: Clinical (To be retired)
Tuberculosis: Pathology review
Diarrhea: Clinical (To be retired)
Urinary tract infections: Clinical (To be retired)
Meningitis, encephalitis and brain abscesses: Clinical (To be retired)
Bites and stings: Clinical (To be retired)
Skin and soft tissue infections: Clinical (To be retired)
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Aminoglycosides
Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
Antituberculosis medications
Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins
Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Metronidazole
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones
Herpesvirus medications
Azoles
Echinocandins
Miscellaneous antifungal medications
Anthelmintic medications
Antimalarials
Anti-mite and louse medications
Nephrology and urology
Hypernatremia: Clinical (To be retired)
Hyponatremia: Clinical (To be retired)
Hyperkalemia: Clinical (To be retired)
Hypokalemia: Clinical (To be retired)
Metabolic and respiratory acidosis: Clinical (To be retired)
Metabolic and respiratory alkalosis: Clinical (To be retired)
Toxidromes: Clinical (To be retired)
Medication overdoses and toxicities: Pathology review
Environmental and chemical toxicities: Pathology review
Acute kidney injury: Clinical (To be retired)
Kidney stones: Clinical (To be retired)
Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers
Neurology and neurosurgery
Stroke: Clinical (To be retired)
Seizures: Clinical (To be retired)
Headaches: Clinical (To be retired)
Traumatic brain injury: Clinical (To be retired)
Neck trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Lower back pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Spinal cord disorders: Pathology review
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Barbiturates
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines
Nonbenzodiazepine anticonvulsants
Migraine medications
Osmotic diuretics
Antiplatelet medications
Thrombolytics
Opioid agonists, mixed agonist-antagonists and partial agonists
Opioid antagonists
Pulmonology and thoracic surgery
Asthma: Clinical (To be retired)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Clinical (To be retired)
Venous thromboembolism: Clinical (To be retired)
Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Clinical (To be retired)
Pleural effusion: Clinical (To be retired)
Pneumothorax: Clinical (To be retired)
Chest trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists
Pulmonary corticosteroids and mast cell inhibitors
Rheumatology and orthopedic surgery
Joint pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Clavicle and shoulder
Anatomy clinical correlates: Axilla
Anatomy clinical correlates: Arm, elbow and forearm
Anatomy clinical correlates: Wrist and hand
Anatomy clinical correlates: Median, ulnar and radial nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, joints and muscles of the back
Anatomy clinical correlates: Hip, gluteal region and thigh
Anatomy clinical correlates: Knee
Anatomy clinical correlates: Leg and ankle
Anatomy clinical correlates: Foot
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Glucocorticoids
Opioid agonists, mixed agonist-antagonists and partial agonists
Antigout medications
Transcript
Contributors
Ursula Florjanczyk, MScBMC
Evan Debevec-McKenney
Anthelmintics are a group of antiparasitic antibiotics that treat infections by parasitic worms or helminths.
They are roughly divided into two groups: vermifuges, which stun helminths; and vermicides, which kill them.
Now “helminth” is not a term based on taxonomy; instead, it’s a practical term used for many multicellular, worm-like parasites that can infect humans. These include cestodes, trematodes, and nematodes.
Cestodes are tapeworms that can grow to prodigious size, some even reaching over 20 feet, or 7 meters!
Species like Taenia solium, or pork tapeworm, and Taenia saginata, or beef tapeworm, are transmitted via undercooked pork and beef.
Once eaten, they hang out in the small intestine, living off of the nutrient-rich fluid around them.
They are also hermaphrodites and can lay over 50,000 eggs in their lifetime, so you’re never lonely when you have tapeworms!
The disease itself, taeniasis, can be asymptomatic or it can cause GI symptoms, like abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, and weight loss.
However, if the eggs of the Taenia solium found in human feces is ingested, it could cause cysticercosis. This is where newly hatched larvae burrow into different parts of the body like the eyes, which can cause blindness; and also the brain, which can lead to seizures and death.
Next are trematodes, which are more commonly known as flukes.
Common species that infect humans include Schistosoma species, or blood flukes, that cause schistosomiasis, also called snail fever.
These parasites live inside freshwater snails and pop out as free swimming larva that search for unsuspecting swimmers, and penetrate the skin through hair follicles to make their way into capillary beds, where they feed on blood.
Liver flukes like Clonorchis and Opisthorchis species also use snails as a host, but their larvae invade fish, that are then eaten by humans.
Once ingested, the fluke burrows through the intestinal wall and head straight for the liver and bile duct, where they feed on bile.
Nematodes or roundworms are a particularly diverse bunch. Most infections start when a person eats or drinks something contaminated with nematode eggs, which are transmitted through human feces. This is why it’s important to wash your hands after using the bathroom before eating!
The eggs hatch into larvae in the small intestine and cause GI symptoms like malabsorption, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
Summary
Anthelmintic medications are drugs that are used to treat parasitic infections, such as those caused by roundworms and tapeworms. These medications work by killing the parasites or by causing them to be expelled from the body. Some of the more common side effects of anthelmintic drugs include stomach pain, diarrhea, and nausea. In rare cases, these drugs can cause allergic reactions. Common anthelmintic drugs include albendazole, praziquantel, and mebendazole.
Sources
- "Katzung & Trevor's Pharmacology Examination and Board Review,12th Edition" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Rang and Dale's Pharmacology" Elsevier (2019)
- "Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 13th Edition" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2017)
- "Selective mass treatment with ivermectin to control intestinal helminthiases and parasitic skin diseases in a severely affected population" Bull World Health Organ (2004)
- "Treatment of hydatid disease with high oral doses of mebendazole" European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (1986)
- "Management of intestinal obstruction caused by ascariasis" Journal of Pediatric Surgery (1997)
- "Resolution of Praziquantel" PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2011)
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