Antithrombin III deficiency
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Antithrombin III deficiency
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Antithrombin III deficiency
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Contributors
Sean Watts, MDJake Ryan
Robyn Hughes, MScBMC
Salma Ladhani, MDElizabeth Nixon-Shapiro, MSMI, CMI
Antithrombin III is an anticoagulant protein which is made by the liver. So antithrombin III deficiency is when a genetic mutation makes antithrombin III either deficient or defective. This causes excessive clot formation, and the clots can get lodged in small vessels that nourish different organs and tissues, causing strokes.
Antithrombin III deficiency presents as a hemostasis disorder. Hemostasis is the process where blood flow is stopped after there’s damage to a blood vessel, and it has two steps. Primary hemostasis involves the formation of a platelet plug at the site of injury, and secondary hemostasis involves the coagulation cascade, where several clotting factors come into play to form a fibrin mesh over the platelet plug to reinforce it - forming a blood clot.
Hemostasis can be both stimulated, and inhibited by several factors. In the first category, there’s thrombin, or factor II, which accelerates hemostasis by increasing platelet activation, and cleaving several factors involved in secondary hemostasis to their active form.
On the other hand, the most important factor that inhibits hemostasis is antithrombin III. Antithrombin III binds excess thrombin and factor X from secondary hemostasis, and also inhibits coagulation factors VII, IX, XI and XII - which are also key players in secondary hemostasis.
So, antithrombin helps regulate clot formation, preventing clots from growing too large and blocking blood flow to tissues supplied by the vessel. It also prevents clots from getting so big that small parts of the growing clot break off in the form of emboli. Finally, the anticoagulant properties of antithrombin III can also be enhanced by an anticoagulant medication called heparin - which binds to antithrombin and increases its affinity for its target proteins. So, the two major consequences of antithrombin III deficiency are increased risk of thrombosis and insensitivity to heparin.
Sources
- "Anticoagulation During Pregnancy" Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2016)
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine" McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing (2004)
- "Laboratory tests for antithrombin deficiency" American Journal of Hematology (2010)
- "Issues in the Diagnosis and Management of Hereditary Antithrombin Deficiency" Annals of Pharmacotherapy (2016)
- "Inherited antithrombin deficiency: a review" Haemophilia (2008)
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