Appendicitis: Pathology review
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Appendicitis: Pathology review
Pathology
Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity
Peritonitis
Pneumoperitoneum
Upper gastrointestinal tract disorders
Cleft lip and palate
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Esophageal web
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Pyloric stenosis
Sialadenitis
Parotitis
Oral candidiasis
Ludwig angina
Aphthous ulcers
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Dental abscess
Gingivitis and periodontitis
Dental caries disease
Oral cancer
Warthin tumor
Barrett esophagus
Achalasia
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
Boerhaave syndrome
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Zenker diverticulum
Diffuse esophageal spasm
Esophageal cancer
Eosinophilic esophagitis (NORD)
Gastritis
Gastric dumping syndrome
Peptic ulcer
Gastroparesis
Cyclic vomiting syndrome
Gastroenteritis
Gastric cancer
Lower gastrointestinal tract disorders
Gastroschisis
Imperforate anus
Omphalocele
Meckel diverticulum
Intestinal atresia
Hirschsprung disease
Intestinal malrotation
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Intussusception
Tropical sprue
Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome
Celiac disease
Short bowel syndrome (NORD)
Lactose intolerance
Whipple's disease
Protein losing enteropathy
Microscopic colitis
Crohn disease
Ulcerative colitis
Bowel obstruction
Intestinal adhesions
Volvulus
Gallstone ileus
Abdominal hernias
Femoral hernia
Inguinal hernia
Small bowel ischemia and infarction
Ischemic colitis
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Gardner syndrome
Juvenile polyposis syndrome
Colorectal polyps
Colorectal cancer
Carcinoid syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome
Gastroenteritis
Diverticulosis and diverticulitis
Appendicitis
Anal fissure
Anal fistula
Hemorrhoid
Rectal prolapse
Liver, gallbladder and pancreas disorders
Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Biliary atresia
Gilbert's syndrome
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
Rotor syndrome
Jaundice
Cirrhosis
Portal hypertension
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hemochromatosis
Wilson disease
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Cholestatic liver disease
Hepatocellular adenoma
Autoimmune hepatitis
Alcohol-induced liver disease
Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Hepatitis
Neonatal hepatitis
Reye syndrome
Benign liver tumors
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Gallstones
Biliary colic
Acute cholecystitis
Ascending cholangitis
Chronic cholecystitis
Gallstone ileus
Gallbladder cancer
Cholangiocarcinoma
Acute pancreatitis
Pancreatic pseudocyst
Chronic pancreatitis
Pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Gastrointestinal system pathology review
Congenital gastrointestinal disorders: Pathology review
Esophageal disorders: Pathology review
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathology review
Malabsorption syndromes: Pathology review
Diverticular disease: Pathology review
Appendicitis: Pathology review
Gastrointestinal bleeding: Pathology review
Colorectal polyps and cancer: Pathology review
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review
Pancreatitis: Pathology review
Gallbladder disorders: Pathology review
Jaundice: Pathology review
Viral hepatitis: Pathology review
Cirrhosis: Pathology review
Assessments
Appendicitis: Pathology review
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Yifan Xiao, MDWhile in the Emergency Department, Bella, a 22-year-old woman, presents with abdominal pain that started 6 hours ago. The pain was initially located around the umbilical area but it has migrated to the right lower quadrant in the past few hours. The pain is sharp, like being stabbed with a knife and it gets worse with movement. A physical examination showed tenderness of the right lower quadrant with moderate guarding and a low-grade fever of 100.4°F.
Shortly after, Edward, who’s 11, presents with generalized abdominal pain with vomiting and diarrhea. On examination, he appears ill and has a temperature of 104°F. His abdomen is tense with generalized tenderness and guarding. No bowel sounds are present.
Blood tests were ordered in both cases, detecting an increased white blood cell count of 12,000 cells per microliter with 85 percent neutrophils. Now, both people have appendicitis.
Now the appendix is the little close-ended hollow tube that’s attached to the cecum of the large intestine, and sometimes it’s called the vermiform appendix, where vermiform means “worm-shaped.” Normally, the appendix can be found in a retrocecal location, as well as pre-ileal, post-ileal, pelvic and subcecal. Its function is actually unknown, though some theories suggest it might be a “safe-house” for the gut flora and that it plays a part in the lymphatic and immune system. Okay, so appendicitis usually occurs because something gets stuck and obstructs the appendix. That something could be a fecalith, which is a hardened lump of fecal matter, a piece of undigested material like gum or seeds, or even a clump of intestinal parasites like pinworms.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "APPENDICITIS" Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America (1996)
- "Suspected Appendicitis" New England Journal of Medicine (2003)
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