Benign hyperpigmented skin lesions: Clinical (To be retired)
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Benign hyperpigmented skin lesions: Clinical (To be retired)
Medicine and surgery
Allergy and immunology
Antihistamines for allergies
Glucocorticoids
Cardiology, cardiac surgery and vascular surgery
Coronary artery disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Heart failure: Clinical (To be retired)
Syncope: Clinical (To be retired)
Hypertension: Clinical (To be retired)
Hypercholesterolemia: Clinical (To be retired)
Peripheral vascular disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Leg ulcers: Clinical (To be retired)
Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors
Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics
Calcium channel blockers
Lipid-lowering medications: Statins
Lipid-lowering medications: Fibrates
Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications
Antiplatelet medications
Dermatology and plastic surgery
Hypersensitivity skin reactions: Clinical (To be retired)
Eczematous rashes: Clinical (To be retired)
Papulosquamous skin disorders: Clinical (To be retired)
Alopecia: Clinical (To be retired)
Hypopigmentation skin disorders: Clinical (To be retired)
Benign hyperpigmented skin lesions: Clinical (To be retired)
Skin cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Endocrinology and ENT (Otolaryngology)
Diabetes mellitus: Clinical (To be retired)
Hyperthyroidism: Clinical (To be retired)
Hypothyroidism and thyroiditis: Clinical (To be retired)
Dizziness and vertigo: Clinical (To be retired)
Hyperthyroidism medications
Hypothyroidism medications
Insulins
Hypoglycemics: Insulin secretagogues
Miscellaneous hypoglycemics
Gastroenterology and general surgery
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Clinical (To be retired)
Peptic ulcers and stomach cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Diarrhea: Clinical (To be retired)
Malabsorption: Clinical (To be retired)
Colorectal cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Diverticular disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Anal conditions: Clinical (To be retired)
Cirrhosis: Clinical (To be retired)
Breast cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Laxatives and cathartics
Antidiarrheals
Acid reducing medications
Hematology and oncology
Anemia: Clinical (To be retired)
Anticoagulants: Warfarin
Anticoagulants: Direct factor inhibitors
Antiplatelet medications
Infectious diseases
Pneumonia: Clinical (To be retired)
Urinary tract infections: Clinical (To be retired)
Skin and soft tissue infections: Clinical (To be retired)
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Aminoglycosides
Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins
Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Metronidazole
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones
Herpesvirus medications
Azoles
Echinocandins
Miscellaneous antifungal medications
Anti-mite and louse medications
Nephrology and urology
Chronic kidney disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Kidney stones: Clinical (To be retired)
Urinary incontinence: Pathology review
ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors
PDE5 inhibitors
Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers
Neurology and neurosurgery
Stroke: Clinical (To be retired)
Lower back pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Headaches: Clinical (To be retired)
Migraine medications
Pulmonology and thoracic surgery
Asthma: Clinical (To be retired)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Clinical (To be retired)
Lung cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Antihistamines for allergies
Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists
Bronchodilators: Leukotriene antagonists and methylxanthines
Pulmonary corticosteroids and mast cell inhibitors
Rheumatology and orthopedic surgery
Joint pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Rheumatoid arthritis: Clinical (To be retired)
Lower back pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Clavicle and shoulder
Anatomy clinical correlates: Arm, elbow and forearm
Anatomy clinical correlates: Wrist and hand
Anatomy clinical correlates: Median, ulnar and radial nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, joints and muscles of the back
Anatomy clinical correlates: Hip, gluteal region and thigh
Anatomy clinical correlates: Knee
Anatomy clinical correlates: Leg and ankle
Anatomy clinical correlates: Foot
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Glucocorticoids
Opioid agonists, mixed agonist-antagonists and partial agonists
Antigout medications
Osteoporosis medications
Assessments
Benign hyperpigmented skin lesions: Clinical (To be retired)
USMLE® Step 2 questions
0 / 8 complete
Questions
USMLE® Step 2 style questions USMLE
of complete
Retrieved from: Wikipedia
Which of the following is the most appropriate response by the doctor at this time?
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Transcript
Content Reviewers
Rishi Desai, MD, MPHHyperpigmentation is the darkening or increase in the natural color of the skin, most often due to hypermelanosis, which is an increased deposition of melanin in the epidermis or dermis.
This can be associated with a multitude of clinical conditions, ranging from normal variations of skin color to acquired and inherited syndromes.
Diagnosis of hyperpigmentation includes physical examination and a detailed history.
A complete skin examination should be performed under visible light to observe important clinical parameters, including the extent of the pigmentary abnormality, distribution, pattern, color hue and morphology of individual lesions.
Under natural light, epidermal hypermelanosis appears light brown to dark brown in color, while dermal hypermelanosis has a bluish or ashen gray hue with margins less defined than epidermal hypermelanosis.
Complete skin examination should include observing these general features with the naked eye, and then further examine them through dermoscopy.
Next, hyperpigmented skin lesions may be examined under a Wood's lamp, which emits low wave ultraviolet.
A light that allows a better visualization of variations in skin pigmentation.
This is done in a darkened room with the Wood's lamp held at 4 to 5 inches from the skin, to observe any subsequent fluorescence.
Under a Wood's lamp, epidermal hypermelanosis shows enhanced pigmentation, while dermal hypermelanosis doesn’t.
Finally, a skin biopsy for histopathologic evaluation is not routinely performed for the diagnosis of all hyperpigmented lesions, but it may be necessary when the clinical diagnosis is uncertain or suggests malignancy.
The most frequent benign hyperpigmented skin lesions are melanocytic nevi, most commonly known as moles.
These are benign proliferations of a type of melanocyte called nevus cells, which cluster as nests within the lower epidermis and dermis.
Melanocytic nevi must be differentiated from malignant melanoma using the mnemonic ABCDE to spot any worrisome signs, where lesions are asymmetrically shaped, borders are irregular or notched, coloration varies within the same lesion, the diameter is larger than 6 millimeters, and the lesion rapidly evolves over time, quickly increasing in size, and can cause skin elevation.
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