Blood transfusion reactions and transplant rejection: Pathology review
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Blood transfusion reactions and transplant rejection: Pathology review
Immune system
General infections
Sepsis
Neonatal sepsis
Abscesses
Hypersensitivity reactions
Type I hypersensitivity
Food allergy
Anaphylaxis
Asthma
Type II hypersensitivity
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Goodpasture syndrome
Rheumatic heart disease
Myasthenia gravis
Graves disease
Pemphigus vulgaris
Type III hypersensitivity
Serum sickness
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Type IV hypersensitivity
Graft-versus-host disease
Contact dermatitis
Transplants
Transplant rejection
Graft-versus-host disease
Cytomegalovirus infection after transplant (NORD)
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (NORD)
Immunodeficiences
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency
Common variable immunodeficiency
IgG subclass deficiency
Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome
Isolated primary immunoglobulin M deficiency
Thymic aplasia
DiGeorge syndrome
Severe combined immunodeficiency
Adenosine deaminase deficiency
Ataxia-telangiectasia
Hyper IgM syndrome
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Chronic granulomatous disease
Complement deficiency
Hereditary angioedema
Asplenia
Immune system organ disorders
Thymoma
Ruptured spleen
Immune system pathology review
Blood transfusion reactions and transplant rejection: Pathology review
Immunodeficiencies: T-cell and B-cell disorders: Pathology review
Immunodeficiencies: Combined T-cell and B-cell disorders: Pathology review
Immunodeficiencies: Phagocyte and complement dysfunction: Pathology review
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Blood transfusion reactions and transplant rejection: Pathology review
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Transcript
Content Reviewers
Antonella Melani, MDContributors
Sam Gillespie, BSc
Cassidy Dermott
35 year old Adam is brought to the emergency department by an ambulance after being involved in a motor vehicle crash. Upon examination, you notice that he is significantly bleeding from his thigh, so you decide to give him a blood transfusion. Five minutes later, he develops shortness of breath, one episode of nonbloody vomiting, and a diffuse rash with erythematous borders starts to appear all over his body. Also, his blood pressure drops to 60 over 40 millimeters of mercury. Some days later, you see 50 year old Jack, who’s complaining of fever, malaise, and a decreased production of urine for the past two days. On further questioning, Jack tells you that he underwent a kidney transplantation one month ago. Upon examination, you realize that he has a high blood pressure of 150 over 80 millimeters of mercury. You decide to perform a biopsy of his transplanted kidney, which reveals a dense lymphocytic infiltrate.
Okay, based on the initial presentation, Adam seems to have some form of blood transfusion reaction, which includes any adverse event that occurs following blood transfusion. Jack, on the other hand, seems to be experiencing some form of transplant rejection, which is when the immune system of the recipient attacks the transplanted organ or graft.
All right, let’s start with blood transfusion reactions. For your tests, there are six blood transfusion reactions that you need to be aware of, including anaphylactic or allergic transfusion reaction, acute hemolytic transfusion reaction, delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction, febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction, transfusion-related acute lung injury, and transfusion-associated circulatory overload.
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