Bone tumors
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Bone tumors
Musculoskeletal system
Pediatric musculoskeletal conditions
Radial head subluxation (Nursemaid elbow)
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Musculoskeletal system pathology review
Back pain: Pathology review
Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: Pathology review
Seronegative and septic arthritis: Pathology review
Gout and pseudogout: Pathology review
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): Pathology review
Scleroderma: Pathology review
Sjogren syndrome: Pathology review
Bone disorders: Pathology review
Bone tumors: Pathology review
Myalgias and myositis: Pathology review
Neuromuscular junction disorders: Pathology review
Muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial myopathies: Pathology review
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Bone tumors
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Bone tumors
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| Laboratory value | Result |
| Hemoglobin | 11.2 g/dL |
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin | 90 fl |
| Creatinine | 2.3 mg/dL |
| Total protein | 9.5 |
| Albumin | 3.2 g/dL |
| Sodium | 132 mEq/L |
| Potassium | 4.2 mEq/L |
| Chloride | 95 mEq/L |
| Calcium | 12 mg/dl |
Radiograph of the spine reveals multiple areas of hyperlucency at the lumbar and thoracic regions. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause?
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First Aid
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Bone cancer p. 473
primary bone tumors p. 474
Bone tumors p. 474-475
“Brown” bone tumor p. 722
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Transcript
Content Reviewers
Rishi Desai, MD, MPHContributors
Evode Iradufasha, MD
Marisa Pedron
Pauline Rowsome, BSc (Hons)
Bone tumors form when a bone cell divides uncontrollably and forms a mass or tumor.
If the tumor remains confined and doesn’t spread into surrounding tissues, then it’s considered benign.
But if the tumor invades into surrounding tissues and metastasizes or spreads through blood or lymph, then it’s considered malignant.
Malignant tumors can either be primary which is when they arise from the bone cells, or secondary, which is when a tumor developed somewhere else in the body, metastasized, and spread to the bones.
The most common sources of tumor cells that affect the bones but start somewhere else in the body, are the breast, prostate, the lungs, the thyroid, and the kidneys.
Now, even though the bones vary in size and shape, they are all made of the same types of cells, and chief among them are osteoblasts which build up new bone, and osteoclasts which help with bone breakdown or resorption.
Now in addition to these, there are some more primitive cells in the bone marrow called human mesenchymal stem cells and neuroectodermal cells, which have the ability to differentiate into many cell types including nerve, fat, bone, and cartilage cells.
Now, in terms of anatomy, looking at a long- bone like the femur - it has two epiphyses, which are the ends that contribute to joints with other bones.
Between the two epiphyses, is the diaphysis, also called the bone shaft.
In children and adolescents, there is an additional narrow portion between the epiphysis and the diaphysis called the metaphysis.
The metaphysis contains the growth plate, the part of the bone that grows during childhood.
In adults the growth plate has ossified and fused with the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
Now, there are genes that promote normal cell growth called proto-oncogenes.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2019)
- "Normal Bone Anatomy and Physiology" Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2008)
- "Osteoid osteoma: diagnosis and treatment" Radiologia Brasileira (2015)
- "Clinical and morphological characteristics of osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma: a retrospective single-center analysis of 204 patients" Annals of Diagnostic Pathology (2014)
- "Diagnosis and treatment of Ewing sarcoma of the bone: a review article" Journal of Orthopaedic Science (2015)
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