Bronchiectasis
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Bronchiectasis
Respiratory system
Upper respiratory tract disorders
Choanal atresia
Laryngomalacia
Allergic rhinitis
Nasal polyps
Upper respiratory tract infection
Sinusitis
Laryngitis
Retropharyngeal and peritonsillar abscesses
Bacterial epiglottitis
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Lower respiratory tract disorders
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Congenital pulmonary airway malformation
Pulmonary hypoplasia
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
Transient tachypnea of the newborn
Meconium aspiration syndrome
Apnea of prematurity
Sudden infant death syndrome
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Pulmonary changes at high altitude and altitude sickness
Decompression sickness
Cyanide poisoning
Methemoglobinemia
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
Asthma
Cystic fibrosis
Bronchiectasis
Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
Restrictive lung diseases
Sarcoidosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Pneumonia
Croup
Bacterial tracheitis
Lung cancer
Pancoast tumor
Superior vena cava syndrome
Pleura and pleural space disorders
Pneumothorax
Pleural effusion
Mesothelioma
Pulmonary vascular disorders
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary hypertension
Apnea and hypoventilation
Sleep apnea
Apnea of prematurity
Respiratory system pathology review
Respiratory distress syndrome: Pathology review
Cystic fibrosis: Pathology review
Pneumonia: Pathology review
Tuberculosis: Pathology review
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: Pathology review
Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hemothorax and atelectasis: Pathology review
Obstructive lung diseases: Pathology review
Restrictive lung diseases: Pathology review
Apnea, hypoventilation and pulmonary hypertension: Pathology review
Lung cancer and mesothelioma: Pathology review
Assessments
Bronchiectasis
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First Aid
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Aspergillosis
bronchiectasis p. 700
Bronchiectasis
Aspergillus fumigatus p. , 150
cystic fibrosis p. 58
Kartagener syndrome p. 47, 714
Cystic fibrosis p. 58
bronchiectasis p. 700
External Links
Transcript
Contributors
Feiyang Pan
Will Wei
Tanner Marshall, MS
Bronchiectasis can be broken down into “Bronchi” which refers to the bronchi and bronchiole airways of the lower lungs, and “-ectasis” means a dilation or expansion.
So in bronchiectasis chronic inflammation causes the bronchi and bronchioles to get damaged and dilated. Bronchiectasis is an obstructive lung disease, and that’s largely because the inflammation causes mucus plugs to form in the airways, and those mucus plugs obstruct airflow.
Normally, when taking a breath, the diaphragm muscle moves down and that creates negative pressure within the chest. This draws air in through the mouth or nose, and down the trachea.
Once there it goes into one of the primary bronchi or main bronchi, then secondary bronchi or lobar bronchus, then tertiary bronchi or segmental bronchus, and finally into the bronchioles which lead into the alveoli.
The alveoli is where the majority of gas exchange occurs in the lungs.
Taking a closer look at the airways, particularly the walls of the airways, they’ve got elastin fibers, which help give them their rubber-band like properties, and are lined with epithelial cells - some of which have brush-like projections, called cilia on their surface and others that secrete mucus.
The mucus traps foreign particles like bacteria and dust, and the mucus then gets swept upwards and out of the lungs by the cilia.
Together this whole system is called the mucociliary escalator.
Eventually that mucus and any stuck particles move into the esophagus and get swallowed and destroyed by the acid in the stomach! That’s right - you’re swallowing that mucus as you watch this.
Summary
Bronchiectasis is a chronic inflammation of the bronchi and the bronchioles, which damages the mucociliary escalator and the walls of the airways. This causes mucus to accumulate and get stuck in the airways, and form mucus plugs that can lead to serious infections, difficulty breathing, and a variety of other health problems. Common causes of bronchiectasis include long-term exposure to cigarette smoke, respiratory infections such as pneumonia, and cystic fibrosis.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 7/E (ENHANCED EBOOK)" McGraw Hill Professional (2014)
- "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2019)
- "Non–Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis" American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2013)
- "Etiology of Non–Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis in Adults and Its Correlation to Disease Severity" Annals of the American Thoracic Society (2015)
- "Bronchiectasis" Nature Reviews Disease Primers (2018)
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