Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists
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Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists
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Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists
Bronchodilators: Leukotriene antagonists and methylxanthines
Pulmonary corticosteroids and mast cell inhibitors
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Joint pain: Clinical (To be retired)
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Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists
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Albuterol p. 243
asthma p. 712
Asthma p. 698
albuterol for p. 243
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
albuterol for p. 243
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Transcript
Content Reviewers
Yifan Xiao, MDContributors
Anuj Paul
Elizabeth Nixon-Shapiro, MSMI, CMI
Alex Aranda
In obstructive lung diseases like asthma, where individuals suffer from reversible narrowing of the airways, medications like bronchodilators are helpful in keeping the airways open.
Now, based on their mechanism of action, bronchodilators can be broadly divided into four main groups; β2-agonists, muscarinic antagonists, leukotrienes antagonist and methylxanthines.
In this video, we will focus on the bronchodilators like β2-agonist and muscarinic antagonist which mimics or inhibits the regulatory effects of the autonomic nervous system on bronchial smooth muscle.
So, if we take a look at the lungs, you’ve got the trachea, which branches off into right and left bronchi, and then continues to branch into thousands of bronchioles.
In the bronchioles you’ve got the lumen, the mucosa, which includes the inner lining of epithelial cells, as well as the lamina propria which contains many cells like the type 2 helper cells, B cells, and mast cells.
Surrounding the lamina propria, there is a layer of smooth muscles and submucosa. These muscles are innervated by the nerves of the autonomic nervous system, which means they can’t be controlled consciously.
The autonomic nervous system is made up the sympathetic system which is involved in the “fight or flight” response, like running from angry raccoons, and parasympathetic system which is involved in the “rest and digest” response, like taking a nap after a big dinner.
So let’s say that racoons are chasing you, the sympathetic nerves activates and release norepinephrine which bind to β2 adrenergic receptors on the smooth muscles in the respiratory tract, causing them to relax. The diameter of the airways increase and more oxygen gets to the lungs.
Sources
- "Katzung & Trevor's Pharmacology Examination and Board Review,12th Edition" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Rang and Dale's Pharmacology" Elsevier (2019)
- "Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 13th Edition" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2017)
- "Regulation of airway inflammation and remodeling by muscarinic receptors: Perspectives on anticholinergic therapy in asthma and COPD" Life Sciences (2012)
- "Comparative efficacy of fixed-dose combinations of long-acting muscarinic antagonists and long-acting β2-agonists: a systematic review and network meta-analysis" Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease (2016)
- "The Role of Bronchodilators in Preventing Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease" Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases (2016)
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