Cannabis dependence
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Cannabis dependence
Psychological disorders
Mood disorders
Major depressive disorder
Suicide
Bipolar disorder
Seasonal affective disorder
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Anxiety disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder
Social anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Agoraphobia
Phobias
Obsessive-compulsive disorders
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Body focused repetitive disorders
Body dysmorphic disorder
Stress-related disorders and abuse
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Physical and sexual abuse
Psychotic disorders
Schizoaffective disorder
Schizophreniform disorder
Delusional disorder
Schizophrenia
Cognitive and dissociative disorders
Delirium
Amnesia
Dissociative disorders
Eating disorders
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Personality disorders
Cluster A personality disorders
Cluster B personality disorders
Cluster C personality disorders
Somatoform and factitious disorders
Somatic symptom disorder
Factitious disorder
Substance use disorders and drugs of abuse
Tobacco dependence
Opioid dependence
Cannabis dependence
Cocaine dependence
Alcohol use disorder
Sleep disorders
Bruxism
Nocturnal enuresis
Insomnia
Night terrors
Narcolepsy (NORD)
Sexual dysfunction disorders
Erectile dysfunction
Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
Orgasmic dysfunction
Female sexual interest and arousal disorder
Genito-pelvic pain and penetration disorder
Pediatric disorders
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders
Learning disability
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Tourette syndrome
Autism spectrum disorder
Rett syndrome
Shaken baby syndrome
Enuresis
Encopresis
Psychiatric emergencies
Suicide
Serotonin syndrome
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Psychological disorders review
Mood disorders: Pathology review
Anxiety disorders, phobias and stress-related disorders: Pathology Review
Trauma- and stress-related disorders: Pathology review
Amnesia, dissociative disorders and delirium: Pathology review
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Pathology review
Personality disorders: Pathology review
Malingering, factitious disorders and somatoform disorders: Pathology review
Eating disorders: Pathology review
Psychological sleep disorders: Pathology review
Developmental and learning disorders: Pathology review
Childhood and early-onset psychological disorders: Pathology review
Psychiatric emergencies: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Stimulants: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Alcohol: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Other depressants: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Hallucinogens: Pathology review
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Cannabis dependence
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Cannabis, or marijuana, is one of the most popular psychoactive substances worldwide, especially among teenagers.
Although the specifics of cannabis’ addictive qualities are still very much under debate, cannabis dependence disorder is officially classified in the DSM-5 and prolonged, heavy use of cannabis has been shown to cause some level of dependency.
Cannabis comes from the flowers of Cannabis sativa plants, which has oils with concentrations of tiny, fat-soluble, psychoactive molecules called cannabinoids.
The three main cannabinoids, tetrahydrocannabinol (also called THC), cannabidiol (also called CBD), and cannabinol (also called CBN), are each associated with unique psychoactive effects.
For example, THC is associated with high-grade recreational marijuana, and produces effects, like euphoria, analgesia, mild hallucinations, and an increased appetite.
Cannabidiol on the other hand does not have psychoactive effects and is commonly included in medical marijuana because it has a variety of effects including being analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-seizure, appetite stimulating, and anxiety-reducing.
To understand how cannabis works, let’s zoom in on a synapse of the brain to see how a stimulus response is induced generally, without drugs.
Normally, electrical signals, or action potentials, travel down the axon to the axon terminal, triggering the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles into the synapse.
The neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, where they give the cell a message.
After the neurotransmitters have done their job, they unbind from the receptors and can simply diffuse away, be degraded by enzymes, or be picked up by proteins and returned to their release site in a process called reuptake.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "State of the Art Treatments for Cannabis Dependence" Psychiatric Clinics of North America (2012)
- "Cannabinoid Receptors: Where They are and What They do" Journal of Neuroendocrinology (2008)
- "Cannabinoids, hippocampal function and memory" Life Sciences (1999)
- "Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of the Plant Cannabinoids, Δ9-Tetrahydrocannibinol, Cannabidiol and Cannabinol" Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology (undefined)
- "Bioanalytical procedures for determination of drugs of abuse in blood" Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (2007)
- "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5" American Psychiatric Association (2013)
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