Carcinoid syndrome
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Carcinoid syndrome
Pathology
Adrenal gland disorders
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Primary adrenal insufficiency
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
Hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal cortical carcinoma
Cushing syndrome
Conn syndrome
Thyroid gland disorders
Thyroglossal duct cyst
Hyperthyroidism
Graves disease
Thyroid eye disease (NORD)
Toxic multinodular goiter
Thyroid storm
Hypothyroidism
Euthyroid sick syndrome
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis
Riedel thyroiditis
Postpartum thyroiditis
Thyroid cancer
Parathyroid gland disorders
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Pancreatic disorders
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic nephropathy
Pituitary gland disorders
Hyperpituitarism
Pituitary adenoma
Hyperprolactinemia
Prolactinoma
Gigantism
Acromegaly
Hypopituitarism
Growth hormone deficiency
Pituitary apoplexy
Sheehan syndrome
Hypoprolactinemia
Constitutional growth delay
Diabetes insipidus
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
Gonadal dysfunction
Precocious puberty
Delayed puberty
Premature ovarian failure
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Kallmann syndrome
5-alpha-reductase deficiency
Polyglandular syndromes
Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (NORD)
Endocrine tumors
Multiple endocrine neoplasia
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Carcinoid syndrome
Pheochromocytoma
Neuroblastoma
Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (NORD)
Endocrine system pathology review
Adrenal insufficiency: Pathology review
Adrenal masses: Pathology review
Hyperthyroidism: Pathology review
Hypothyroidism: Pathology review
Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer: Pathology review
Parathyroid disorders and calcium imbalance: Pathology review
Diabetes mellitus: Pathology review
Cushing syndrome and Cushing disease: Pathology review
Pituitary tumors: Pathology review
Hypopituitarism: Pathology review
Diabetes insipidus and SIADH: Pathology review
Multiple endocrine neoplasia: Pathology review
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review
Assessments
Carcinoid syndrome
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Carcinoid syndrome
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2021
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2016
Carcinoid syndrome p. 356, 592
bronchial carcinoid tumors p. 707
somatostatin for p. 362
treatment p. 725
Cutaneous flushing
carcinoid syndrome p. 357
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
in carcinoid syndrome p. 357
Heart failure p. 318
carcinoid syndrome p. 592
Octreotide p. 380, 409
carcinoid syndrome p. 359
for carcinoid syndrome p. 725
Pulmonic stenosis
carcinoid syndrome p. 359
Right heart failure
carcinoid syndrome p. 592
Serotonin
in carcinoid syndrome p. 356
Tricuspid regurgitation
carcinoid syndrome as cause p. 359
External Links
Transcript
Contributors
Alaina Mueller
Sam Gillespie, BSc
Carcinoid syndrome refers to a constellation of symptoms like diarrhea, shortness of breath and flushing, which arise when a specific type of tumor called a neuroendocrine tumor begins secreting hormones.
Neuroendocrine tumors were also called “carcinoid tumors” in the past, because of their association with carcinoid syndrome.
Neuroendocrine cells are found in tissues throughout the body, particularly in the epithelial layer of gastrointestinal organs and the lungs. They receive signals from nerve cells and, in response, they release hormones into the blood.
Neuroendocrine cells release a variety of hormones including amines, like serotonin and histamine; polypeptides, like bradykinin, a vasodilator; and prostaglandins which are also powerful vasodilators. The production of these hormones can also be regulated by other hormones.
For example, somatostatin is a hormone that’s made by cells in the hypothalamus as well as the gastrointestinal tract, and it travels through the blood and binds to receptors on the surface of neuroendocrine cells.
Binding of somatostatin inhibits the release of a number of hormones from neuroendocrine cells, including serotonin.
Now, when serotonin does get released from neuroendocrine cells, it enters the liver through the portal vein.
In the liver, some of the serotonin is metabolized to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid which is eliminated from the body through the urine.
The remaining serotonin is not metabolized, and this portion remains in the systemic circulation where it has various effects.
In the gastrointestinal tract, serotonin increases motility and peristalsis; in the vasculature, platelets take up the serotonin and later use it to constrict blood vessels, particularly after injury; and in the connective tissue of the heart, it stimulates fibroblasts which make lots of collagen.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2019)
- "Harrison's Endocrinology, 4E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2016)
- "Carcinoid heart disease: presentation, diagnosis, and management" Heart (2004)
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