Cardiac cycle

A cardiac cycle is the sequence of mechanical and electrical events that occurs with every heartbeat. Now, the heart is shaped like a cone and it contains two upper chambers, called atria; and two lower chambers, called ventricles.

Now, the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins; while the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from all of our organs and tissues via the superior and inferior vena cava.

From the atria, the blood flows into the lower chambers of the heart: the left ventricle, which pumps oxygenated blood to all our organs and tissues via the aorta; and the right ventricle, which pumps the deoxygenated blood back to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries.

Alright, so each heartbeat consists of two phases: systole, which is when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the ventricles; and diastole, which is when the heart relaxes and ventricles fill with blood. Now, the cardiac cycle graph is used to express events during one cardiac cycle.

Along the y-axis are aortic pressure, left atrial pressure, and left ventricular pressure, heart sounds, ventricular volume, right atrial pressure curve, and ECG; while along the x-axis is time.

But, before we continue, here’s something to keep in mind: since there are no valves separating the right atrium from the superior vena cava and the jugular veins, the jugular venous pulse will follow the same pressure changes as the ones that arise in the right atrium.

In other words, an increase in the atrial pressure will result in an increased jugular venous pulse, and vice versa. Therefore, below the right atrial pressure curve let’s write JVP for jugular venous pulse.