Cerebral vascular disease: Pathology review
00:00 / 00:00
Videos
Notes
Cerebral vascular disease: Pathology review
Pathology
Central and peripheral nervous system disorders
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Neurofibromatosis
Sturge-Weber syndrome
Tuberous sclerosis
von Hippel-Lindau disease
Central nervous system disorders
Brain herniation
Broca aphasia
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
Wernicke aphasia
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Acoustic neuroma (schwannoma)
Adult brain tumors
Pediatric brain tumors
Pituitary adenoma
Ischemic stroke
Transient ischemic attack
Brain abscess
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Encephalitis
Epidural abscess
Meningitis
Neonatal meningitis
Aqueductal stenosis
Cerebral palsy
Chiari malformation
Dandy-Walker malformation
Septo-optic dysplasia
Spina bifida
Spinocerebellar ataxia (NORD)
Syringomyelia
Tethered spinal cord syndrome
Alzheimer disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Delirium
Frontotemporal dementia
Lewy body dementia
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Vascular dementia
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
Central pontine myelinolysis
JC virus (Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy)
Multiple sclerosis
Transverse myelitis
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Cluster headache
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Migraine
Tension headache
Trigeminal neuralgia
Arteriovenous malformation
Epidural hematoma
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Saccular aneurysm
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Subdural hematoma
Essential tremor
Huntington disease
Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (NORD)
Parkinson disease
Restless legs syndrome
Torticollis
Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (NORD)
Epilepsy
Febrile seizure
Brown-Sequard Syndrome
Cauda equina syndrome
Friedreich ataxia
Neurogenic bladder
Syringomyelia
Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Concussion and traumatic brain injury
Peripheral nervous system disorders
Poliovirus
Spinal muscular atrophy
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Bell palsy
Trigeminal neuralgia
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Erb-Duchenne palsy
Klumpke paralysis
Sciatica
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Ulnar claw
Winged scapula
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Myasthenia gravis
Nervous system pathology review
Adult brain tumors: Pathology review
Central nervous system infections: Pathology review
Cerebral vascular disease: Pathology review
Congenital neurological disorders: Pathology review
Dementia: Pathology review
Demyelinating disorders: Pathology review
Headaches: Pathology review
Movement disorders: Pathology review
Neurocutaneous disorders: Pathology review
Neuromuscular junction disorders: Pathology review
Pediatric brain tumors: Pathology review
Seizures: Pathology review
Spinal cord disorders: Pathology review
Traumatic brain injury: Pathology review
Assessments
Cerebral vascular disease: Pathology review
USMLE® Step 1 questions
0 / 18 complete
Questions
USMLE® Step 1 style questions USMLE
of complete
Transcript
Content Reviewers
At the emergency department, 30-year-old Lydia presents with severe headache and confusion. Clinical examination reveals low grade fever and nuchal rigidity. Past medical history reveals she has polycystic kidney disease. Non-contrast CT reveals blood between the arachnoid and the pia mater. Lydia is treated supportively and sent home. Three days later she suddenly develops a severe headache, vomiting, and confusion.
Later that day, 70-year-old Amanda presents with left-sided weakness and numbness, with her foot and leg more affected than her arm. She can speak fluently and understands everything being said to her. Past medical history includes hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and a myocardial infarction last year.
Based on their presentation, the diagnosis is that both Lydia and Amanda had a cerebral vascular disease, most often referred to as a stroke. A stroke is when there’s a sudden focal neurological deficit due to a part of the brain losing its blood supply. Now, to safeguard the brain from hypoxia, the brain has a dual circulation called the circle of Willis, divided into an anterior and posterior circulation. The anterior circulation starts in the neck, where the common carotid artery splits into the external and internal branches. The internal carotid passes through the carotid canal of the temporal bone of the skull and into the cranial cavity. Once inside, the internal carotid artery gives off branches. First are the middle cerebral arteries that supply the lateral portions of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. It’s also important to remember that the middle cerebral arteries supply the two language areas, Broca’s and Wernicke’s.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Clinical pathology of the shock syndromes" Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock (2011)
- "Untreated brain arteriovenous malformation: Patient-level meta-analysis of hemorrhage predictors" Neurology (2014)
- "Intracranial Aneurysm and Hemorrhagic Stroke in Glucocorticoid-remediable Aldosteronism" Hypertension (1998)
- "ACR Appropriateness Criteria ® Cerebrovascular Disease" Journal of the American College of Radiology (2017)
- "Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms" Stroke (2015)
For Institutions
Copyright © 2023 Elsevier, its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.
Cookies are used by this site.
USMLE® is a joint program of the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) and the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME). COMLEX-USA® is a registered trademark of The National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners, Inc. NCLEX-RN® is a registered trademark of the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. Test names and other trademarks are the property of the respective trademark holders. None of the trademark holders are endorsed by nor affiliated with Osmosis or this website.
