Rishi Desai, MD, MPH

Choanal atresia

NOTES NOTES  UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS  CHOANAL ATRESIA osms.it/choanal-atresia PATHOLOGY & CAUSES ▪ Congenital narrowing or blockage of the nasal passage (choana) by abnormal bony or soft tissue ▪ Most common nasal abnormality in newborns; more than 50% have other congenital conditions ▪ ⅔ present unilaterally, ⅓ bilaterally ▪ Cause unknown: can be associated with conditions that cause depression of the nasal bridge or midface retraction (craniosynostosis syndromes)  MNEMONIC  In context of CHARGE association Coloboma Heart defects Atresia of choanae Retardation (physical, mental) Genitourinary abnormalities Ear defects  RISK FACTORS  ▪ Possible association with: low thyroid hormone levels; smoking; coffee consumption; high maternal zinc and B12 intake; exposure to agricultural chemicals; anti-infective urinary tract medications  COMPLICATIONS  ▪ Aspiration while feeding ▪ Respiratory arrest  956 OSMOSIS.ORG  ▪ Re-narrowing of the area after surgery  SIGNS & SYMPTOMS ▪ Variance of presentation depends on unilateral or bilateral defect ▪ Newborns are obligate nasal breathers → difﬁculty breathing unless crying ▪ Unilateral choanal atresia may not be detected for years → newborn uses healthy nostril to breathe; distress may be intermittent ▪ Bilateral choanal atresia can be lifethreatening; causes acute breathing problems and cyanosis ▪ Marked chest retraction ▪ Inability to nurse and breathe at the same time ▪ Persistent one-sided mucous discharge ▪ Cyanosis  DIAGNOSIS DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING CT scan Endoscopy of the nose Sinus radiography  OTHER DIAGNOSTICS  ▪ Inability to pass a catheter through nasal passage   

Amyloidosis

Free radicals and cellular injury

Hypoxia

Ischemia

Necrosis and apoptosis

Cellular injury

Inflammation

Wound healing

Atrophy, aplasia, and hypoplasia

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Metaplasia and dysplasia

Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

Neoplasia

Introduction to pathology

Atrioventricular block

Bundle branch block

Pulseless electrical activity

Atrial fibrillation

Atrial flutter

Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT)

Premature atrial contraction

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

Brugada syndrome

Long QT syndrome and Torsade de pointes

Premature ventricular contraction

Ventricular fibrillation

Ventricular tachycardia

Cardiac arrhythmias

Endocarditis

Myocarditis

Rheumatic heart disease

Cardiac infections

Cardiac tumors

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathies

Atrial septal defect

Coarctation of the aorta

Patent ductus arteriosus

Ventricular septal defect

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Tetralogy of Fallot

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return

Transposition of the great vessels

Truncus arteriosus

Congenital heart defects

Cor pulmonale

Heart failure

Cardiac tamponade

Dressler syndrome

Pericarditis and pericardial effusion

Pericardial disorders

Shock

Aortic valve disease

Mitral valve disease

Pulmonary valve disease

Tricuspid valve disease

Valvular disorders

Arterial disease

Aneurysms

Aortic dissection

Angina pectoris

Coronary steal syndrome

Myocardial infarction

Prinzmetal angina

Stable angina

Unstable angina

Abetalipoproteinemia

Familial hypercholesterolemia

Hyperlipidemia

Hypertriglyceridemia

Conn syndrome

Cushing syndrome

Hypertension

Hypertensive emergency

Pheochromocytoma

Polycystic kidney disease

Renal artery stenosis

Hypotension

Orthostatic hypotension

Lymphangioma

Lymphedema

Peripheral artery disease

Subclavian steal syndrome

Nutcracker syndrome

Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

Angiosarcomas

Human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi sarcoma)

Vascular tumors

Behcet's disease

Kawasaki disease

Vasculitis

Chronic venous insufficiency

Deep vein thrombosis

Thrombophlebitis

Vascular disorders

Acyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review

Aortic dissections and aneurysms: Pathology review

Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis: Pathology review

Cardiac and vascular tumors: Pathology review

Cardiomyopathies: Pathology review

Coronary artery disease: Pathology review

Cyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review

Dyslipidemias: Pathology review

Endocarditis: Pathology review

Heart blocks: Pathology review

Heart failure: Pathology review

Hypertension: Pathology review

Pericardial disease: Pathology review

Peripheral artery disease: Pathology review

Shock: Pathology review

Supraventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review

Valvular heart disease: Pathology review

Vasculitis: Pathology review

Ventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review

Cardiovascular system pathology review

Cardiovascular system

Adrenal cortical carcinoma

Hyperaldosteronism

Primary adrenal insufficiency

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Adrenal gland disorders

Multiple endocrine neoplasia

Carcinoid syndrome

Neuroblastoma

Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (NORD)

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Endocrine tumors

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic retinopathy

5-alpha-reductase deficiency

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Delayed puberty

Kallmann syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Precocious puberty

Premature ovarian failure

Gonadal dysfunction

Hyperprolactinemia

Pituitary adenoma

Prolactinoma

Constitutional growth delay

Growth hormone deficiency

Hypopituitarism

Hypoprolactinemia

Pituitary apoplexy

Sheehan syndrome

Diabetes insipidus

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

Pituitary gland disorders

Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (NORD)

Polyglandular syndromes

Thyroglossal duct cyst

Graves disease

Hyperthyroidism

Thyroid eye disease (NORD)

Thyroid storm

Toxic multinodular goiter

Euthyroid sick syndrome

Hashimoto thyroiditis

Hypothyroidism

Postpartum thyroiditis

Riedel thyroiditis

Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis

Thyroid cancer

Thyroid gland disorders

Adrenal insufficiency: Pathology review

Adrenal masses: Pathology review

Cushing syndrome and Cushing disease: Pathology review

Diabetes insipidus and SIADH: Pathology review

Diabetes mellitus: Pathology review

Hyperthyroidism: Pathology review

Hypopituitarism: Pathology review

Hypothyroidism: Pathology review

Multiple endocrine neoplasia: Pathology review

Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review

Parathyroid disorders and calcium imbalance: Pathology review

Pituitary tumors: Pathology review

Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer: Pathology review

Endocrine system pathology review

Endocrine system

Conductive hearing loss

Eustachian tube dysfunction

Otitis externa

Otitis media

Tympanic membrane perforation

Ear disorders

Age-related macular degeneration

Bitemporal hemianopsia

Cataract

Color blindness

Cortical blindness

Glaucoma

Hemianopsia

Eye disorders

Eyes, ears, nose, and throat

Choanal atresia

Videos

Notes

Choanal atresia

Ear disorders

Eye disorders

Laryngeal disorders

Nasal and nasopharyngeal disorders

Oral cavity and oropharyngeal disorders

Thyroid and parathyroid gland disorders

Vestibular disorders

Eyes, ears, nose, and throat pathology review

Assessments

Flashcards

High Yield Notes

Flashcards

Choanal atresia

Summary

Company

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