Congenital TORCH infections: Pathology review
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Congenital TORCH infections: Pathology review
Reproductive system
Male and female reproductive system disorders
Precocious puberty
Delayed puberty
Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
5-alpha-reductase deficiency
Kallmann syndrome
Male reproductive system disorders
Hypospadias and epispadias
Bladder exstrophy
Priapism
Penile cancer
Prostatitis
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Prostate cancer
Cryptorchidism
Inguinal hernia
Varicocele
Epididymitis
Orchitis
Testicular torsion
Testicular cancer
Erectile dysfunction
Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
Female reproductive system disorders
Amenorrhea
Ovarian cyst
Premature ovarian failure
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Ovarian torsion
Krukenberg tumor
Sex cord-gonadal stromal tumor
Surface epithelial-stromal tumor
Germ cell ovarian tumor
Uterine fibroid
Endometriosis
Endometritis
Endometrial hyperplasia
Endometrial cancer
Choriocarcinoma
Cervical cancer
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Urethritis
Female sexual interest and arousal disorder
Orgasmic dysfunction
Genito-pelvic pain and penetration disorder
Mastitis
Fibrocystic breast changes
Intraductal papilloma
Phyllodes tumor
Paget disease of the breast
Breast cancer
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Gestational hypertension
Preeclampsia & eclampsia
Gestational diabetes
Cervical incompetence
Placenta previa
Placenta accreta
Placental abruption
Oligohydramnios
Polyhydramnios
Potter sequence
Intrauterine growth restriction
Preterm labor
Postpartum hemorrhage
Chorioamnionitis
Congenital toxoplasmosis
Congenital cytomegalovirus (NORD)
Congenital syphilis
Neonatal conjunctivitis
Neonatal herpes simplex
Congenital rubella syndrome
Neonatal sepsis
Neonatal meningitis
Miscarriage
Gestational trophoblastic disease
Ectopic pregnancy
Fetal hydantoin syndrome
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Reproductive system pathology review
Disorders of sex chromosomes: Pathology review
Prostate disorders and cancer: Pathology review
Testicular tumors: Pathology review
Uterine disorders: Pathology review
Ovarian cysts and tumors: Pathology review
Cervical cancer: Pathology review
Vaginal and vulvar disorders: Pathology review
Benign breast conditions: Pathology review
Breast cancer: Pathology review
Complications during pregnancy: Pathology review
Congenital TORCH infections: Pathology review
Disorders of sexual development and sex hormones: Pathology review
Amenorrhea: Pathology Review
Testicular and scrotal conditions: Pathology review
Sexually transmitted infections: Warts and ulcers: Pathology review
Sexually transmitted infections: Vaginitis and cervicitis: Pathology review
HIV and AIDS: Pathology review
Penile conditions: Pathology review
Memory Anchors and Partner Content
Transcript
Content Reviewers
Antonella Melani, MDContributors
Jung Hee Lee, MScBMC
Sam Gillespie, BSc
Evan Debevec-McKenney
Maria Emfietzoglou, MD
At the clinic, two mothers came in with their babies. The first baby is an 11 month old girl called Cecile, who is brought by her parents, who are immigrants, for a routine visit. You immediately noticed that she doesn’t react when you call her name, as if she can’t hear you at all. Upon eye examination, you find that Cecile has bilateral clouding of the lens. Then, upon cardiac auscultation, you hear a continuous rumbling murmur. Upon further questioning, Cecile’s mother tells you that, during the first trimester of pregnancy, she developed a rash that mainly involved her head and neck, as well as swollen lymph nodes behind the ears.
After Cecile, comes a 6 month old baby boy named Arthur with his mother, who is concerned because Arthur has developed multiple purple marks on his skin. Upon physical examination, you noticed that Arthur has an unusually large head for his age. Then, on fundoscopy, his eyes show white and yellow scars that look like cotton. You decide to order a CT scan of the brain, which reveals scattered calcifications. Upon further questioning, Arthur’s mother admits to handling her cat’s litter while she was pregnant, despite her doctor’s advice against it.
All right, now both Cecile and Arthur seem to have a congenital TORCH infection. TORCH is an acronym that stands for infections caused by Toxoplasma gondii; Other agents, such as syphilis, parvovirus B19, varicella zoster virus, and listeria; then there’s Rubella; Cytomegalovirus, and finally Herpes simplex virus-2 or HSV-2.
All these infections are lumped together because they can be vertically transmitted, which means that a pregnant individual can transmit the infection to their child either before birth via the placenta, or during and after birth via blood, body fluids, or breast milk.
Now, keep in mind that TORCH infections may share some non-specific signs and symptoms, including delayed growth, and hepatosplenomegaly or enlarged liver and spleen, which can lead to jaundice or yellow skin, and thrombocytopenia or low platelet count. So for your exams, it’s important that you’re able to distinguish the different TORCH infections based on additional characteristics.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "TORCH Infections" Clinics in Perinatology (2015)
- "TORCH (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus) screening of small for gestational age and intrauterine growth restricted neonates: efficacy study in a single institute in Korea" Korean Journal of Pediatrics (2018)
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