Consciousness
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Consciousness
Boards Physiology
Boards Physiology
Cardiovascular system anatomy and physiology
Lymphatic system anatomy and physiology
Coronary circulation
Blood pressure, blood flow, and resistance
Pressures in the cardiovascular system
Laminar flow and Reynolds number
Resistance to blood flow
Compliance of blood vessels
Control of blood flow circulation
Microcirculation and Starling forces
Measuring cardiac output (Fick principle)
Stroke volume, ejection fraction, and cardiac output
Cardiac contractility
Frank-Starling relationship
Cardiac preload
Cardiac afterload
Law of Laplace
Cardiac and vascular function curves
Altering cardiac and vascular function curves
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac work
Pressure-volume loops
Changes in pressure-volume loops
Physiological changes during exercise
Cardiovascular changes during hemorrhage
Cardiovascular changes during postural change
Normal heart sounds
Abnormal heart sounds
Action potentials in myocytes
Action potentials in pacemaker cells
Excitability and refractory periods
Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling
Electrical conduction in the heart
Cardiac conduction velocity
ECG basics
ECG normal sinus rhythm
ECG intervals
ECG QRS transition
ECG axis
ECG rate and rhythm
ECG cardiac infarction and ischemia
ECG cardiac hypertrophy and enlargement
Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Endocrine system anatomy and physiology
Hunger and satiety
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Growth hormone and somatostatin
Oxytocin and prolactin
Antidiuretic hormone
Thyroid hormones
Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Synthesis of adrenocortical hormones
Cortisol
Testosterone
Estrogen and progesterone
Phosphate, calcium and magnesium homeostasis
Parathyroid hormone
Vitamin D
Calcitonin
Anatomy and physiology of the eye
Photoreception
Optic pathways and visual fields
Anatomy and physiology of the ear
Auditory transduction and pathways
Vestibular transduction
Vestibulo-ocular reflex and nystagmus
Olfactory transduction and pathways
Taste and the tongue
Gastrointestinal system anatomy and physiology
Anatomy and physiology of the teeth
Liver anatomy and physiology
Enteric nervous system
Esophageal motility
Gastric motility
Gastrointestinal hormones
Chewing and swallowing
Carbohydrates and sugars
Fats and lipids
Proteins
Vitamins and minerals
Intestinal fluid balance
Pancreatic secretion
Bile secretion and enterohepatic circulation
Prebiotics and probiotics
Blood components
Erythropoietin
Blood groups and transfusions
Platelet plug formation (primary hemostasis)
Coagulation (secondary hemostasis)
Role of Vitamin K in coagulation
Clot retraction and fibrinolysis
Introduction to the immune system
Cytokines
Innate immune system
Complement system
T-cell development
B-cell development
MHC class I and MHC class II molecules
T-cell activation
B-cell activation and differentiation
Cell-mediated immunity of CD4 cells
Cell-mediated immunity of natural killer and CD8 cells
Antibody classes
Somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation
VDJ rearrangement
Contracting the immune response and peripheral tolerance
B- and T-cell memory
Anergy, exhaustion, and clonal deletion
Vaccinations
Type I hypersensitivity
Type II hypersensitivity
Type III hypersensitivity
Type IV hypersensitivity
Skin anatomy and physiology
Hair, skin and nails
Wound healing
Skeletal system anatomy and physiology
Bone remodeling and repair
Cartilage structure and growth
Fibrous, cartilage, and synovial joints
Muscular system anatomy and physiology
Brachial plexus
Neuromuscular junction and motor unit
Sliding filament model of muscle contraction
Slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers
Muscle contraction
Muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs
Nervous system anatomy and physiology
Neuron action potential
Cerebral circulation
Blood brain barrier
Cerebrospinal fluid
Cranial nerves
Ascending and descending spinal tracts
Motor cortex
Pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts
Spinal cord reflexes
Sensory receptor function
Somatosensory receptors
Somatosensory pathways
Sympathetic nervous system
Adrenergic receptors
Parasympathetic nervous system
Cholinergic receptors
Body temperature regulation (thermoregulation)
Cerebellum
Basal ganglia: Direct and indirect pathway of movement
Memory
Sleep
Consciousness
Learning
Stress
Language
Emotion
Attention
Renal system anatomy and physiology
Hydration
Body fluid compartments
Movement of water between body compartments
Renal clearance
Glomerular filtration
TF/Px ratio and TF/Pinulin
Measuring renal plasma flow and renal blood flow
Regulation of renal blood flow
Tubular reabsorption and secretion
Tubular secretion of PAH
Tubular reabsorption of glucose
Urea recycling
Tubular reabsorption and secretion of weak acids and bases
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Sodium homeostasis
Potassium homeostasis
Osmoregulation
Kidney countercurrent multiplication
Free water clearance
Physiologic pH and buffers
Buffering and Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
The role of the kidney in acid-base balance
Acid-base map and compensatory mechanisms
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic acidosis
Plasma anion gap
Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Anatomy and physiology of the male reproductive system
Puberty and Tanner staging
Anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system
Menstrual cycle
Menopause
Pregnancy
Stages of labor
Breastfeeding
Respiratory system anatomy and physiology
Reading a chest X-ray
Lung volumes and capacities
Anatomic and physiologic dead space
Alveolar surface tension and surfactant
Compliance of lungs and chest wall
Combined pressure-volume curves for the lung and chest wall
Ventilation
Zones of pulmonary blood flow
Regulation of pulmonary blood flow
Pulmonary shunts
Ventilation-perfusion ratios and V/Q mismatch
Breathing cycle
Airflow, pressure, and resistance
Ideal (general) gas law
Boyle's law
Dalton's law
Henry's law
Graham's law
Gas exchange in the lungs, blood and tissues
Diffusion-limited and perfusion-limited gas exchange
Alveolar gas equation
Oxygen binding capacity and oxygen content
Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
Carbon dioxide transport in blood
Breathing control
Pulmonary chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors
Pulmonary changes at high altitude and altitude sickness
Pulmonary changes during exercise
High Yield Notes
6 pages
Summary
Consciousness refers to the state of being aware of and able to think, feel, and perceive. It is the ability to be aware of your surroundings and make decisions. It is also what makes us unique as humans.
There are many different types of consciousness, but the two most important ones are waking consciousness and dreaming consciousness. Waking consciousness is when we are awake and aware of our surroundings. Dreaming consciousness is when we are asleep, and our brains are more active. During REM sleep, our brains can be as active as when we are awake.