Consciousness

‌‌

2,489views

Consciousness

Watch later

Watch later

Bacterial structure and functions

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Streptococcus viridans

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)

Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Strep)

Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)

Clostridium difficile (Pseudomembranous colitis)

Clostridium tetani (Tetanus)

Bacillus cereus (Food poisoning)

Listeria monocytogenes

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria)

Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)

Actinomyces israelii

Escherichia coli

Salmonella (non-typhoidal)

Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Proteus mirabilis

Yersinia enterocolitica

Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaires disease and Pontiac fever)

Serratia marcescens

Bacteroides fragilis

Yersinia pestis (Plague)

Vibrio cholerae (Cholera)

Helicobacter pylori

Campylobacter jejuni

Neisseria meningitidis

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Moraxella catarrhalis

Francisella tularensis (Tularemia)

Bordetella pertussis (Whooping cough)

Haemophilus influenzae

Haemophilus ducreyi (Chancroid)

Pasteurella multocida

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tuberculosis)

Mycobacterium leprae

Mycobacterium avium complex (NORD)

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Chlamydia pneumoniae

Chlamydia trachomatis

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)

Borrelia species (Relapsing fever)

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)

Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever) and other Rickettsia species

Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)

Ehrlichia and Anaplasma

Gardnerella vaginalis (Bacterial vaginosis)

Viral structure and functions

Varicella zoster virus

Cytomegalovirus

Epstein-Barr virus (Infectious mononucleosis)

Human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi sarcoma)

Herpes simplex virus

Human herpesvirus 6 (Roseola)

Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D virus

Human papillomavirus

Poxvirus (Smallpox and Molluscum contagiosum)

BK virus (Hemorrhagic cystitis)

JC virus (Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy)

Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E virus

Influenza virus

Respiratory syncytial virus

Human parainfluenza viruses

Yellow fever virus

Hepatitis C virus

West Nile virus

Human T-lymphotropic virus

Eastern and Western equine encephalitis virus

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

Prions (Spongiform encephalopathy)

Coccidioidomycosis and paracoccidioidomycosis

Pneumocystis jirovecii (Pneumocystis pneumonia)

Aspergillus fumigatus

Sporothrix schenckii

Cryptococcus neoformans

Malassezia (Tinea versicolor and Seborrhoeic dermatitis)

Plasmodium species (Malaria)

Giardia lamblia

Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis)

Cryptosporidium

Naegleria fowleri (Primary amebic meningoencephalitis)

Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis)

Trypanosoma brucei

Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease)

Trichomonas vaginalis

Loa loa (Eye worm)

Toxocara canis (Visceral larva migrans)

Onchocerca volvulus (River blindness)

Ascaris lumbricoides

Angiostrongylus (Eosinophilic meningitis)

Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus

Strongyloides stercoralis

Guinea worm (Dracunculiasis)

Wuchereria bancrofti (Lymphatic filariasis)

Trichinella spiralis

Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)

Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)

Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid disease)

Diphyllobothrium latum

Paragonimus westermani

Clonorchis sinensis

Pediculus humanus and Phthirus pubis (Lice)

Sarcoptes scabiei (Scabies)

Light microscopy and staining methods

Cardiac muscle histology

Artery and vein histology

Arteriole, venule and capillary histology

Pituitary gland histology

Pancreas histology

Thyroid and parathyroid gland histology

Adrenal gland histology

Eye and ear histology

Nasal cavity and larynx histology

Gallbladder histology

Esophagus histology

Stomach histology

Small intestine histology

Colon histology

Liver histology

Blood histology

Thymus histology

Spleen histology

Lymph node histology

Ureter, bladder and urethra histology

Kidney histology

Prostate gland histology

Penis histology

Testis, ductus deferens, and seminal vesicle histology

Mammary gland histology

Ovary histology

Fallopian tube and uterus histology

Cervix and vagina histology

Trachea and bronchi histology

Bronchioles and alveoli histology

Citric acid cycle

Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

Gluconeogenesis

Glycogen metabolism

Pentose phosphate pathway

Physiological changes during exercise

Amino acid metabolism

Nitrogen and urea cycle

Fatty acid synthesis

Fatty acid oxidation

Ketone body metabolism

Cholesterol metabolism

Essential fructosuria

Hereditary fructose intolerance

Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency

Lactose intolerance

Glycogen storage disease type I

Glycogen storage disease type II (NORD)

Glycogen storage disease type III

Glycogen storage disease type IV

Glycogen storage disease type V

Metachromatic leukodystrophy (NORD)

Gaucher disease (NORD)

Niemann-Pick disease types A and B (NORD)

Niemann-Pick disease type C

Fabry disease (NORD)

Tay-Sachs disease (NORD)

Mucopolysaccharide storage disease type 1 (Hurler syndrome) (NORD)

Mucopolysaccharide storage disease type 2 (Hunter syndrome) (NORD)

Hartnup disease

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency

Phenylketonuria (NORD)

Cystinuria (NORD)

Maple syrup urine disease

Abetalipoproteinemia

Familial hypercholesterolemia

Hypertriglyceridemia

Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism: Pathology review

Disorders of fatty acid metabolism: Pathology review

Dyslipidemias: Pathology review

Glycogen storage disorders: Pathology review

Lysosomal storage disorders: Pathology review

Disorders of amino acid metabolism: Pathology review

Carbohydrates and sugars

Fats and lipids

Vitamin K deficiency

Vitamin D deficiency

Excess Vitamin A

Excess Vitamin D

Folate (Vitamin B9) deficiency

Niacin (Vitamin B3) deficiency

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Vitamin C deficiency

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Iodine deficiency

Zinc deficiency

Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and toxicity: Pathology review

Zinc deficiency and protein-energy malnutrition: Pathology review

Water-soluble vitamin deficiency and toxicity: B1-B7: Pathology review

Human development days 1-4

Human development days 4-7

Human development week 2

Human development week 3

Development of the face and palate

Pharyngeal arches, pouches, and clefts

Development of the ear

Development of the eye

Development of the digestive system and body cavities

Development of the gastrointestinal system

Development of the teeth

Development of the tongue

Development of the integumentary system

Development of the nervous system

Development of the renal system

Development of the reproductive system

Development of the respiratory system

Development of the cardiovascular system

Fetal circulation

Development of the placenta

Development of the fetal membranes

Development of twins

Hedgehog signaling pathway

Development of the umbilical cord

Introduction to the cardiovascular system

Introduction to the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Introduction to the lymphatic system

Introduction to the central and peripheral nervous systems

Vessels and nerves of the thoracic wall

Anatomy of the breast

Anatomy of the pleura

Anatomy of the lungs and tracheobronchial tree

Anatomy of the heart

Anatomy of the coronary circulation

Anatomy of the superior mediastinum

Anatomy clinical correlates: Thoracic wall

Anatomy clinical correlates: Breast

Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs

Anatomy clinical correlates: Heart

Anatomy clinical correlates: Mediastinum

Anatomy of the inferior mediastinum

Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior and posterior abdominal wall

Anatomy clinical correlates: Viscera of the gastrointestinal tract

Anatomy clinical correlates: Peritoneum and diaphragm

Anatomy clinical correlates: Other abdominal organs

Anatomy clinical correlates: Inguinal region

Anatomy clinical correlates: Male pelvis and perineum

Anatomy clinical correlates: Female pelvis and perineum

Anatomy clinical correlates: Skull, face and scalp

Anatomy clinical correlates: Eye

Anatomy clinical correlates: Ear

Anatomy clinical correlates: Temporal regions, oral cavity and nose

Anatomy of the cerebral cortex

Anatomy of the cerebellum

Anatomy of the cranial meninges and dural venous sinuses

Anatomy of the brainstem

Anatomy of the basal ganglia

Anatomy of the white matter tracts

Anatomy of the limbic system

Anatomy of the blood supply to the brain

Anatomy of the diencephalon

Anatomy of the ventricular system

Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior blood supply to the brain

Anatomy clinical correlates: Cerebellum and brainstem

Anatomy clinical correlates: Cerebral hemispheres

Introduction to the cranial nerves

Cranial nerve pathways

Anatomy of the olfactory (CN I) and optic (CN II) nerves

Anatomy of the oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV) and abducens (CN VI) nerves

Anatomy of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Anatomy of the facial nerve (CN VII)

Anatomy of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

Anatomy of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Anatomy of the spinal accessory (CN XI) and hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves

Anatomy of the vagus nerve (CN X)

Anatomy clinical correlates: Olfactory (CN I) and optic (CN II) nerves

Anatomy clinical correlates: Oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV) and abducens (CN VI) nerves

Anatomy clinical correlates: Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Anatomy clinical correlates: Facial (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerves

Anatomy clinical correlates: Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (X), spinal accessory (CN XI) and hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves

Bones of the cranium

Anatomy of the cranial base

Anatomy of the orbit

Anatomy of the eye

Anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses

Anatomy of the oral cavity

Anatomy of the temporomandibular joint and muscles of mastication

Muscles of the face and scalp

Anatomy of the salivary glands

Nerves and vessels of the face and scalp

Anatomy of the tongue

Anatomy of the pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine) fossa

Anatomy of the inner ear

Anatomy of the infratemporal fossa

Bones of the neck

Superficial structures of the neck: Posterior triangle

Superficial structures of the neck: Cervical plexus

Superficial structures of the neck: Anterior triangle

Deep structures of the neck: Prevertebral muscles

Anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands

Anatomy of the larynx and trachea

Anatomy of the pharynx and esophagus

Anatomy of the lymphatics of the neck

Deep structures of the neck: Root of the neck

Fascia and spaces of the neck

Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, fascia and muscles of the neck

Anatomy clinical correlates: Vessels, nerves and lymphatics of the neck

Anatomy clinical correlates: Viscera of the neck

Anatomy of the pelvic girdle

Anatomy of the pelvic cavity

Anatomy of the urinary organs of the pelvis

Anatomy of the gastrointestinal organs of the pelvis and perineum

Arteries and veins of the pelvis

Anatomy of the male reproductive organs of the pelvis

Nerves and lymphatics of the pelvis

Anatomy of the female urogenital triangle

Anatomy of the perineum

Anatomy of the male urogenital triangle

Anatomy of the female reproductive organs of the pelvis

Abdominal quadrants, regions and planes

Anatomy of the anterolateral abdominal wall

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Blood supply of the foregut, midgut and hindgut

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Esophagus and stomach

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Small intestine

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Large intestine

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Pancreas and spleen

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Kidneys, ureters and suprarenal glands

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Innervation of the abdominal viscera

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Liver, biliary ducts and gallbladder

Anatomy of the diaphragm

Anatomy of the inguinal region

Anatomy of the muscles and nerves of the posterior abdominal wall

Anatomy of the peritoneum and peritoneal cavity

Anatomy of the vessels of the posterior abdominal wall

Renal system anatomy and physiology

Body fluid compartments

Movement of water between body compartments

Renal clearance

Glomerular filtration

TF/Px ratio and TF/Pinulin

Measuring renal plasma flow and renal blood flow

Regulation of renal blood flow

Tubular reabsorption and secretion

Tubular secretion of PAH

Tubular reabsorption of glucose

Tubular reabsorption and secretion of weak acids and bases

Proximal convoluted tubule

Distal convoluted tubule

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Sodium homeostasis

Potassium homeostasis

Phosphate, calcium and magnesium homeostasis

Antidiuretic hormone

Kidney countercurrent multiplication

Free water clearance

Physiologic pH and buffers

Buffering and Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

The role of the kidney in acid-base balance

Acid-base map and compensatory mechanisms

Respiratory acidosis

Metabolic acidosis

Plasma anion gap

Respiratory alkalosis

Metabolic alkalosis

Anatomy and physiology of the male reproductive system

Puberty and Tanner staging

Anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system

Estrogen and progesterone

Menstrual cycle

Oxytocin and prolactin

Stages of labor

Respiratory system anatomy and physiology

Reading a chest X-ray

Lung volumes and capacities

Anatomic and physiologic dead space

Alveolar surface tension and surfactant

Compliance of lungs and chest wall

Combined pressure-volume curves for the lung and chest wall

Zones of pulmonary blood flow

Regulation of pulmonary blood flow

Pulmonary shunts

Ventilation-perfusion ratios and V/Q mismatch

Breathing cycle

Breathing cycle and regulation

Airflow, pressure, and resistance

Ideal (general) gas law

Fick's laws of diffusion

Gas exchange in the lungs, blood and tissues

Diffusion-limited and perfusion-limited gas exchange

Alveolar gas equation

Oxygen binding capacity and oxygen content

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

Carbon dioxide transport in blood

Breathing control

Pulmonary chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors

Pulmonary changes at high altitude and altitude sickness

Pulmonary changes during exercise

Nervous system anatomy and physiology

Neuron action potential

Cerebral circulation

Blood brain barrier

Cerebrospinal fluid

Ascending and descending spinal tracts

Pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts

Muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

Spinal cord reflexes

Sensory receptor function

Somatosensory receptors

Somatosensory pathways

Sympathetic nervous system

Adrenergic receptors

Parasympathetic nervous system

Cholinergic receptors

Enteric nervous system

Body temperature regulation (thermoregulation)

Hunger and satiety

Basal ganglia: Direct and indirect pathway of movement

Chewing and swallowing

Vitamins and minerals

Intestinal fluid balance

Pancreatic secretion

Bile secretion and enterohepatic circulation

Prebiotics and probiotics

Gastrointestinal hormones

Esophageal motility

Gastric motility

Gastrointestinal system anatomy and physiology

Anatomy and physiology of the teeth

Liver anatomy and physiology

Thyroid hormones

Parathyroid hormone

Anatomy and physiology of the eye

Optic pathways and visual fields

Anatomy and physiology of the ear

Auditory transduction and pathways

Vestibular transduction

Vestibulo-ocular reflex and nystagmus

Olfactory transduction and pathways

Taste and the tongue

Synthesis of adrenocortical hormones

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Growth hormone and somatostatin

Endocrine system anatomy and physiology

Cardiovascular system anatomy and physiology

Lymphatic system anatomy and physiology

Coronary circulation

Blood pressure, blood flow, and resistance

Pressures in the cardiovascular system

Laminar flow and Reynolds number

Resistance to blood flow

Compliance of blood vessels

Control of blood flow circulation

Microcirculation and Starling forces

Measuring cardiac output (Fick principle)

Stroke volume, ejection fraction, and cardiac output

Cardiac contractility

Frank-Starling relationship

Cardiac preload

Cardiac afterload

Cardiac and vascular function curves

Altering cardiac and vascular function curves

Pressure-volume loops

Changes in pressure-volume loops

Cardiovascular changes during hemorrhage

Cardiovascular changes during postural change

Normal heart sounds

Abnormal heart sounds

Action potentials in myocytes

Action potentials in pacemaker cells

Excitability and refractory periods

Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling

Electrical conduction in the heart

Cardiac conduction velocity

ECG normal sinus rhythm

ECG QRS transition

ECG rate and rhythm

ECG cardiac infarction and ischemia

ECG cardiac hypertrophy and enlargement

Blood components

Blood groups and transfusions

Platelet plug formation (primary hemostasis)

Coagulation (secondary hemostasis)

Role of Vitamin K in coagulation

Clot retraction and fibrinolysis

Type I hypersensitivity

Type II hypersensitivity

Type III hypersensitivity

Type IV hypersensitivity

T-cell development

B-cell development

MHC class I and MHC class II molecules

T-cell activation

B-cell activation and differentiation

Cell-mediated immunity of CD4 cells

Cell-mediated immunity of natural killer and CD8 cells

Antibody classes

Somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation

VDJ rearrangement

Contracting the immune response and peripheral tolerance

B- and T-cell memory

Anergy, exhaustion, and clonal deletion

Innate immune system

Complement system

Introduction to the immune system

Skin anatomy and physiology

Hair, skin and nails

High Yield Notes

6 pages

Summary

Consciousness refers to the state of being aware of and able to think, feel, and perceive. It is the ability to be aware of your surroundings and make decisions. It is also what makes us unique as humans.

There are many different types of consciousness, but the two most important ones are waking consciousness and dreaming consciousness. Waking consciousness is when we are awake and aware of our surroundings. Dreaming consciousness is when we are asleep, and our brains are more active. During REM sleep, our brains can be as active as when we are awake.