Cryptosporidium

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Cryptosporidium

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CRYPTOSPORIDIUM osms.it/cryptosporidium PATHOLOGY & CAUSES ▪ Cryptosporidiosis: diarrheal disease caused by Cryptosporidium (intestinal intracellular protozoan parasite) ▪ Life-cycle can be completed in one host ▫ Immunocompetent hosts: self-limited diarrhea ▫ Immunocompromised hosts: lifethreatening complications CAUSES ▪ Cryptosporidium oocysts (infective form) transmitted via fecal → oral route ▫ Infected individual/animal feces contaminates food; drinking, swimming water → fecally-contaminated food/ water ingestion ▪ Parasites → intestinal epithelial inﬂammation → villi structure distortion → ↓ absorption, ↑ secretion → watery diarrhea ▫ Sclerosing cholangitis/acalculous cholecystitis, respiratory cryptosporidiosis, pancreatitis RISK FACTORS ▪ Endemic-area exposure (tropical countries, Kuwait), immune deﬁciencies, poor hygiene ▪ Interpersonal transmission: sexual partners, daycare centers, household members COMPLICATIONS ▪ Dehydration, ﬂuid and electrolyte imbalance SIGNS & SYMPTOMS ▪ Host’s immune status-dependant 400 OSMOSIS.ORG DIAGNOSIS LAB RESULTS Microscopic oocyte identiﬁcation ▪ Stool; bile secretion, affected GIT aspirates; affected GIT tissue biopsy; respiratory secretion Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ▪ More sensitive, speciﬁc ▪ Differentiates between Cryptosporidium genotypes Monoclonal antibodies and enzyme immunoassays (EIA) ▪ Monoclonal antibody test against oocyst wall ▪ More sensitive, speciﬁc than light microscope TREATMENT MEDICATIONS ▪ Immunocompetent host: antidiarrheal, antimicrobial agents ▪ Immunocompromised host: antiretroviral therapy (HIV-infected individuals), antimicrobial agents, azithromycin (severe diarrhea) OTHER INTERVENTIONS ▪ Immunocompetent host: oral/IV ﬂuid/ electrolyte-loss replacement

Flashcards

Cryptosporidium

8 flashcards

Questions

USMLE® Step 1 style questions USMLE

1 questions

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A 55-year-old man comes to urgent care for evaluation of chronic diarrhea. He has been having 5-10 episodes of watery diarrhea daily for the past 3 weeks. The patient returned from vacation in Eastern Europe last month. Medical history is notable for HIV and the patient has not been using antiretroviral therapy. Vitals are within normal limits. Physical examination reveals dry mucous membranes and oral thrush. Rectal examination is unremarkable. Microscopic examination of a stool sample after acid-fast staining is shown below. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s diarrhea?

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