Development of the limbs
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Development of the limbs
Residencia 2021
Residencia 2021
Eczematous rashes: Clinical
Papulosquamous skin disorders: Clinical
Alopecia: Clinical
Hypersensitivity skin reactions: Clinical
Blistering skin disorders: Clinical
Autoimmune bullous skin disorders: Clinical
Hypopigmentation skin disorders: Clinical
Benign hyperpigmented skin lesions: Clinical
Skin cancer: Clinical
Glucocorticoids
Heart failure: Clinical
Coronary artery disease: Clinical
Syncope: Clinical
Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS): Clinical
Valvular heart disease: Clinical
Pericardial disease: Clinical
Chest trauma: Clinical
Peripheral vascular disease: Clinical
Shock: Clinical
Aortic aneurysms and dissections: Clinical
Leg ulcers: Clinical
Heart blocks: Pathology review
Supraventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Ventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Class I antiarrhythmics: Sodium channel blockers
Class II antiarrhythmics: Beta blockers
Class III antiarrhythmics: Potassium channel blockers
Class IV antiarrhythmics: Calcium channel blockers and others
ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors
Sympatholytics: Alpha-2 agonists
Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers
Adrenergic antagonists: Presynaptic
cGMP mediated smooth muscle vasodilators
Positive inotropic medications
Antiplatelet medications
Loop diuretics
Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics
Calcium channel blockers
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
Bites and stings: Clinical
Burns: Clinical
Diabetes mellitus: Clinical
Hypothyroidism and thyroiditis: Clinical
Adrenal insufficiency: Clinical
Hyperthyroidism: Clinical
Neck trauma: Clinical
Parathyroid conditions and calcium imbalance: Clinical
Insulins
Mineralocorticoids and mineralocorticoid antagonists
Gallbladder disorders: Clinical
Peptic ulcers and stomach cancer: Clinical
Gastrointestinal bleeding: Clinical
Inflammatory bowel disease: Clinical
Diverticular disease: Clinical
Pancreatitis: Clinical
Cirrhosis: Clinical
Appendicitis: Clinical
Bowel obstruction: Clinical
Abdominal pain: Clinical
Hernias: Clinical
Abdominal trauma: Clinical
Acid reducing medications
Antidiarrheals
Laxatives and cathartics
Blood products and transfusion: Clinical
Venous thromboembolism: Clinical
Anticoagulants: Warfarin
Anticoagulants: Heparin
Anticoagulants: Direct factor inhibitors
Thrombolytics
Infective endocarditis: Clinical
Diarrhea: Clinical
Pneumonia: Clinical
Meningitis, encephalitis and brain abscesses: Clinical
Urinary tract infections: Clinical
Fever of unknown origin: Clinical
Tuberculosis: Pathology review
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Aminoglycosides
Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
Antituberculosis medications
Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Metronidazole
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones
Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines
Echinocandins
Azoles
Miscellaneous antifungal medications
Anti-mite and louse medications
Antimalarials
Herpesvirus medications
Anthelmintic medications
Hyponatremia: Clinical
Hypernatremia: Clinical
Hyperkalemia: Clinical
Hypokalemia: Clinical
Metabolic and respiratory alkalosis: Clinical
Kidney stones: Clinical
Metabolic and respiratory acidosis: Clinical
Acute kidney injury: Clinical
Toxidromes: Clinical
Stroke: Clinical
Headaches: Clinical
Traumatic brain injury: Clinical
Seizures: Clinical
Lower back pain: Clinical
Spinal cord disorders: Pathology review
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Barbiturates
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines
Migraine medications
Nonbenzodiazepine anticonvulsants
Opioid agonists, mixed agonist-antagonists and partial agonists
Opioid antagonists
Osmotic diuretics
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Clinical
Asthma: Clinical
Pneumothorax: Clinical
Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Clinical
Pleural effusion: Clinical
Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists
Joint pain: Clinical
Anatomy clinical correlates: Arm, elbow and forearm
Anatomy clinical correlates: Clavicle and shoulder
Anatomy clinical correlates: Wrist and hand
Anatomy clinical correlates: Median, ulnar and radial nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Axilla
Antigout medications
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
Postpartum hemorrhage: Clinical
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: Clinical
Premature rupture of membranes: Clinical
Antepartum hemorrhage: Clinical
Pediatric allergies: Clinical
Pediatric ear, nose, and throat conditions: Clinical
Pediatric gastrointestinal bleeding: Clinical
Pediatric constipation: Clinical
Pediatric vomiting: Clinical
Child abuse: Clinical
Sickle cell disease: Clinical
Pediatric infectious rashes: Clinical
Skin and soft tissue infections: Clinical
Pediatric bone and joint infections: Clinical
Pediatric ophthalmological conditions: Clinical
Pediatric lower airway conditions: Clinical
Cystic fibrosis: Clinical
BRUE, ALTE, and SIDS: Clinical
Pediatric upper airway conditions: Clinical
Pediatric orthopedic conditions: Clinical
Substance misuse and addiction: Clinical
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Hallucinogens: Pathology review
Antihistamines for allergies
Hypertension: Clinical
Hypercholesterolemia: Clinical
Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications
Lipid-lowering medications: Fibrates
Lipid-lowering medications: Statins
Dizziness and vertigo: Clinical
Hyperthyroidism medications
Hypothyroidism medications
Hypoglycemics: Insulin secretagogues
Miscellaneous hypoglycemics
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Clinical
Malabsorption: Clinical
Colorectal cancer: Clinical
Breast cancer: Clinical
Anal conditions: Clinical
Anemia: Clinical
Chronic kidney disease: Clinical
Urinary incontinence: Pathology review
PDE5 inhibitors
Dementia and delirium: Clinical
Lung cancer: Clinical
Bronchodilators: Leukotriene antagonists and methylxanthines
Rheumatoid arthritis: Clinical
Osteoporosis medications
Stages of labor
Breastfeeding
Pregnancy
Routine prenatal care: Clinical
Menopause
Amenorrhea: Clinical
Infertility: Clinical
Virilization: Clinical
Contraception: Clinical
Cervical cancer: Clinical
Sexually transmitted infections: Clinical
Vulvovaginitis: Clinical
Abnormal uterine bleeding: Clinical
Estrogens and antiestrogens
Progestins and antiprogestins
Androgens and antiandrogens
Congenital heart defects: Clinical
Puberty and Tanner staging
Developmental milestones: Clinical
Precocious and delayed puberty: Clinical
Vaccinations: Clinical
Elimination disorders: Clinical
Pediatric urological conditions: Clinical
Neurodevelopmental disorders: Clinical
Mood disorders: Clinical
Eating disorders: Clinical
Anxiety disorders: Clinical
Obsessive compulsive disorders: Clinical
Personality disorders: Clinical
Sleep disorders: Clinical
Somatic symptom disorders: Clinical
Sexual dysfunctions: Clinical
Atypical antidepressants
Psychomotor stimulants
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Tricyclic antidepressants
Immunodeficiencies: Clinical
Cardiomyopathies: Clinical
MEN syndromes: Clinical
Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer: Clinical
Adrenal masses and tumors: Clinical
Cushing syndrome: Clinical
Hypopituitarism: Clinical
Pituitary adenomas and pituitary hyperfunction: Clinical
Adrenal hormone synthesis inhibitors
Gastroparesis: Clinical
Esophageal disorders: Clinical
Esophagitis: Clinical
Jaundice: Clinical
Viral hepatitis: Clinical
Zinc deficiency and protein-energy malnutrition: Pathology review
Leukemia: Clinical
Lymphoma: Clinical
Plasma cell disorders: Clinical
Thrombocytopenia: Clinical
Thrombophilia: Clinical
Myeloproliferative neoplasms: Clinical
Bleeding disorders: Clinical
Non-hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Macrocytic anemia: Pathology review
Extrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Microcytic anemia: Pathology review
Intrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Hematopoietic medications
DNA alkylating medications
Monoclonal antibodies
Antimetabolites for cancer treatment
Anti-tumor antibiotics
Microtubule inhibitors
Platinum containing medications
Topoisomerase inhibitors
Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors
Hepatitis medications
Protease inhibitors
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
Neuraminidase inhibitors
Integrase and entry inhibitors
Nephritic and nephrotic syndromes: Clinical
Renal tubular acidosis: Pathology review
Renal tubular defects: Pathology review
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Potassium sparing diuretics
Diffuse parenchymal lung disease: Clinical
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): Clinical
Seronegative arthritis: Clinical
Inflammatory myopathies: Clinical
Vasculitis: Clinical
Sjogren syndrome: Clinical
Hypokinetic movement disorders: Clinical
Hyperkinetic movement disorders: Clinical
Disorders of consciousness: Clinical
Brain tumors: Clinical
Muscle weakness: Clinical
Cholinomimetics: Direct agonists
Cholinomimetics: Indirect agonists (anticholinesterases)
Muscarinic antagonists
Sympathomimetics: Direct agonists
Anti-parkinson medications
Medications for neurodegenerative diseases
Gestational trophoblastic disease: Clinical
Abnormal labor: Clinical
Vaginal versus cesarean delivery: Clinical
Endometrial hyperplasia and cancer: Clinical
Ovarian cysts, cancer, and other adnexal masses: Clinical
Vaginal cancer: Clinical
Vulvar cancer: Clinical
Uterine stimulants and relaxants
Aromatase inhibitors
Neonatal jaundice: Clinical
Newborn management: Clinical
Congenital disorders: Clinical
Neonatal ICU conditions: Clinical
Perinatal infections: Clinical
Miscellaneous genetic disorders: Pathology review
Autosomal trisomies: Pathology review
Lysosomal storage disorders: Pathology review
Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism: Pathology review
Disorders of fatty acid metabolism: Pathology review
Kawasaki disease: Clinical
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Clinical
Pediatric bone tumors: Clinical
Muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial myopathies: Pathology review
Disruptive, impulse-control and conduct disorders: Clinical
Trauma- and stressor-related disorders: Clinical
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Clinical
Dissociative disorders: Clinical
Paraphilic disorders: Clinical
Atypical antipsychotics
Typical antipsychotics
Lithium
Preoperative evaluation: Clinical
Postoperative evaluation: Clinical
General anesthetics
Local anesthetics
Neuromuscular blockers
Esophageal surgical conditions: Clinical
Benign breast conditions: Pathology review
Anatomy clinical correlates: Breast
Anatomy clinical correlates: Thoracic wall
Anatomy clinical correlates: Mediastinum
Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Heart
Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Refractive errors, lens disorders and glaucoma: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Inflammation, infections and trauma: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Retinal disorders: Pathology review
Renal cysts and cancer: Clinical
Prostate disorders and cancer: Pathology review
Testicular tumors: Pathology review
Glycogen metabolism
Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
Citric acid cycle
Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Pentose phosphate pathway
Physiological changes during exercise
Amino acid metabolism
Nitrogen and urea cycle
Fatty acid synthesis
Fatty acid oxidation
Ketone body metabolism
Cholesterol metabolism
Lactose intolerance
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
Essential fructosuria
Galactosemia
Hereditary fructose intolerance
Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
Glycogen storage disease type I
Glycogen storage disease type II (NORD)
Glycogen storage disease type III
Glycogen storage disease type IV
Glycogen storage disease type V
Leukodystrophy
Fabry disease (NORD)
Krabbe disease
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (NORD)
Niemann-Pick disease types A and B (NORD)
Tay-Sachs disease (NORD)
Gaucher disease (NORD)
Niemann-Pick disease type C
Mucopolysaccharide storage disease type 2 (Hunter syndrome) (NORD)
Mucopolysaccharide storage disease type 1 (Hurler syndrome) (NORD)
Cystinosis
Homocystinuria
Maple syrup urine disease
Alkaptonuria
Cystinuria (NORD)
Hartnup disease
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
Phenylketonuria (NORD)
Abetalipoproteinemia
Hyperlipidemia
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Hypertriglyceridemia
Dyslipidemias: Pathology review
Fats and lipids
Carbohydrates and sugars
Proteins
Vitamin D deficiency
Vitamin K deficiency
Excess Vitamin A
Excess Vitamin D
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Beriberi
Folate (Vitamin B9) deficiency
Niacin (Vitamin B3) deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Vitamin C deficiency
Iodine deficiency
Zinc deficiency
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
Resting membrane potential
Cell-cell junctions
Cellular structure and function
Selective permeability of the cell membrane
Endocytosis and exocytosis
Cell membrane
Cytoskeleton and intracellular motility
Osmosis
Extracellular matrix
Cell signaling pathways
Nernst equation
Adrenoleukodystrophy (NORD)
Zellweger spectrum disorders (NORD)
Alport syndrome
Marfan syndrome
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Peroxisomal disorders: Pathology review
Cell cycle
Nuclear structure
Translation of mRNA
Transcription of DNA
Lac operon
DNA structure
Nucleotide metabolism
DNA mutations
Amino acids and protein folding
Mitosis and meiosis
DNA replication
DNA damage and repair
Protein structure and synthesis
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Adenosine deaminase deficiency
Orotic aciduria
Bloom syndrome
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
Xeroderma pigmentosum
McCune-Albright syndrome
Fanconi anemia
Acute radiation syndrome
Gel electrophoresis and genetic testing
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)
DNA cloning
Karyotyping
Fluorescence in situ hybridization
ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
Human development days 1-4
Human development days 4-7
Human development week 2
Human development week 3
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Development of twins
Development of the placenta
Hedgehog signaling pathway
Development of the digestive system and body cavities
Development of the fetal membranes
Development of the umbilical cord
Development of the cardiovascular system
Fetal circulation
Pharyngeal arches, pouches, and clefts
Development of the ear
Development of the eye
Development of the face and palate
Development of the gastrointestinal system
Development of the tongue
Development of the teeth
Development of the integumentary system
Development of the muscular system
Development of the axial skeleton
Development of the limbs
Development of the nervous system
Development of the renal system
Development of the reproductive system
Development of the respiratory system
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Development of the limbs
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Summary
The limbs (arms and legs) develop around the 4th week of gestation. They develop from buds that form along the sides of the body, which start to grow into long, thin structures called "limb buds" in a proximal-to-distal direction. Limb buds consist of a central core of mesenchymal cells, covered with a layer of ectoderm.