Diabetic retinopathy

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Diabetic retinopathy

Endocrine system

Adrenal disorders

Adrenal cortical carcinoma
Conn syndrome
Cushing syndrome
Hyperaldosteronism
Primary adrenal insufficiency
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
Neuroblastoma
Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (NORD)
Pheochromocytoma

Congenital disorders

5-alpha-reductase deficiency
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Kallmann syndrome
Thyroglossal duct cyst

Diabetes mellitus and other disorders of the endocrine pancreas

Diabetes mellitus
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic retinopathy
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN1, MEN2)

Multiple endocrine neoplasia

Parathyroid disorders

Hyperparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism

Pituitary disorders

Hyperprolactinemia
Pituitary adenoma
Prolactinoma
Delayed puberty
Premature ovarian failure
Constitutional growth delay
Growth hormone deficiency
Hypopituitarism
Hypoprolactinemia
Pituitary apoplexy
Sheehan syndrome
Diabetes insipidus
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

Thyroid gland disorders

Graves disease
Hyperthyroidism
Thyroid eye disease (NORD)
Thyroid storm
Toxic multinodular goiter
Euthyroid sick syndrome
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Hypothyroidism
Postpartum thyroiditis
Riedel thyroiditis
Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis
Thyroid cancer

Other disorders

Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (NORD)
Carcinoid syndrome

Endocrine system pathology review

Adrenal masses: Pathology review
Cushing syndrome and Cushing disease: Pathology review
Disorders of sex chromosomes: Pathology review
Disorders of sexual development and sex hormones: Pathology review
Diabetes mellitus: Pathology review
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review
Multiple endocrine neoplasia: Pathology review
Parathyroid disorders and calcium imbalance: Pathology review
Diabetes insipidus and SIADH: Pathology review
Hypopituitarism: Pathology review
Pituitary tumors: Pathology review
Hyperthyroidism: Pathology review
Hypothyroidism: Pathology review
Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer: Pathology review

Assessments

Flashcards

0 / 11 complete

USMLE® Step 1 questions

0 / 3 complete

High Yield Notes

13 pages

Flashcards

Diabetic retinopathy

0 of 11 complete

Questions

USMLE® Step 1 style questions USMLE

0 of 3 complete

A 58-year-old woman presents to her ophthalmologist for evaluation of decreased visual acuity. She states her vision in both eyes has been worsening over the past six months. The patient has a history of poorly-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Vitals are within normal limits. Fundoscopic examination reveals bilateral retinal hemorrhages, hard exudates, and angiogenesis circumferential to the retina in both eyes. Which of the following growth factors is responsible for these fundoscopic features?  

External References

First Aid

2024

2023

2022

2021

Diabetes mellitus p. 350-358

diabetic retinopathy p. 552

Diabetic retinopathy p. 552

Hyperglycemia

diabetic retinopathy p. 552

Summary

Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes mellitus that occurs when high blood sugar levels damage the retina, the sensitive tissue at the back of the eye responsible for converting visual signals into impulses readable by the brain. Diabetic retinopathy can lead to bleeding in the eye, blurred vision, and eventually, vision loss.