Diabetic retinopathy

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Diabetic retinopathy

Endocrine system

Adrenal gland disorders

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Primary adrenal insufficiency

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

Hyperaldosteronism

Adrenal cortical carcinoma

Cushing syndrome

Conn syndrome

Thyroid gland disorders

Thyroglossal duct cyst

Hyperthyroidism

Graves disease

Thyroid eye disease (NORD)

Toxic multinodular goiter

Thyroid storm

Hypothyroidism

Euthyroid sick syndrome

Hashimoto thyroiditis

Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis

Riedel thyroiditis

Postpartum thyroiditis

Thyroid cancer

Parathyroid gland disorders

Hyperparathyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism

Hypercalcemia

Hypocalcemia

Pancreatic disorders

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic nephropathy

Pituitary gland disorders

Hyperpituitarism

Pituitary adenoma

Hyperprolactinemia

Prolactinoma

Gigantism

Acromegaly

Hypopituitarism

Growth hormone deficiency

Pituitary apoplexy

Sheehan syndrome

Hypoprolactinemia

Constitutional growth delay

Diabetes insipidus

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

Gonadal dysfunction

Precocious puberty

Delayed puberty

Premature ovarian failure

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Kallmann syndrome

5-alpha-reductase deficiency

Polyglandular syndromes

Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (NORD)

Endocrine tumors

Multiple endocrine neoplasia

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Carcinoid syndrome

Pheochromocytoma

Neuroblastoma

Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (NORD)

Endocrine system pathology review

Adrenal insufficiency: Pathology review

Adrenal masses: Pathology review

Hyperthyroidism: Pathology review

Hypothyroidism: Pathology review

Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer: Pathology review

Parathyroid disorders and calcium imbalance: Pathology review

Diabetes mellitus: Pathology review

Cushing syndrome and Cushing disease: Pathology review

Pituitary tumors: Pathology review

Hypopituitarism: Pathology review

Diabetes insipidus and SIADH: Pathology review

Multiple endocrine neoplasia: Pathology review

Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review

Assessments

Diabetic retinopathy

Flashcards

0 / 11 complete

USMLE® Step 1 questions

0 / 2 complete

High Yield Notes

13 pages

Flashcards

Diabetic retinopathy

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Questions

USMLE® Step 1 style questions USMLE

of complete

A 65-year-old woman comes to the clinic for a routine eye examination. Medical history includes type 2 diabetes diagnosed 15 years ago, as well as hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Medications include insulin, lisinopril, and atorvastatin. Up until 6 months ago, the diabetes had been controlled on metformin and liraglutide, but since then, the patient’s physician switched to monotherapy with insulin, due to increasing capillary blood glucose measurements and hemoglobin A1c. The patient’s temperature is 36.7°C (98.0°F), pulse is 70/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg. Visual acuity testing shows a score of 20/60 in both eyes. Which of the following is most likely to be found on an ophthalmoscopic examination?  

External References

First Aid

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2016

Diabetes mellitus p. 352-360

diabetic retinopathy p. 556

Diabetic retinopathy p. 556

Hyperglycemia

diabetic retinopathy p. 556

Summary

Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes mellitus that occurs when high blood sugar levels damage the retina, the sensitive tissue at the back of the eye responsible for converting visual signals into impulses readable by the brain. Diabetic retinopathy can lead to bleeding in the eye, blurred vision, and eventually, vision loss.

Elsevier

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