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Bacteriology
Bacterial structure and functions
Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)
Bacillus cereus (Food poisoning)
Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria)
Listeria monocytogenes
Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)
Clostridium difficile (Pseudomembranous colitis)
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium tetani (Tetanus)
Actinomyces israelii
Nocardia
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Strep)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)
Streptococcus viridans
Enterococcus
Bacteroides fragilis
Bartonella henselae (Cat-scratch disease and Bacillary angiomatosis)
Enterobacter
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaires disease and Pontiac fever)
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Salmonella (non-typhoidal)
Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever)
Serratia marcescens
Shigella
Yersinia enterocolitica
Yersinia pestis (Plague)
Campylobacter jejuni
Helicobacter pylori
Vibrio cholerae (Cholera)
Moraxella catarrhalis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria meningitidis
Bordetella pertussis (Pertussis/Whooping cough)
Brucella
Francisella tularensis (Tularemia)
Haemophilus ducreyi (Chancroid)
Haemophilus influenzae
Pasteurella multocida
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Chlamydia trachomatis
Gardnerella vaginalis (Bacterial vaginosis)
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)
Ehrlichia and Anaplasma
Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever) and other Rickettsia species
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
Borrelia species (Relapsing fever)
Leptospira
Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)
Ehrlichia and Anaplasma
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Ehrlichia and Anaplasma are two genera of Gram-negative pleomorphic bacteria, which means they can take different shapes - round like a coccus, or coccobacillary, which means somewhere between a spherical coccus and a rod-like bacillus.
The most common species that cause disease in humans are Ehrlichia chaffeensis, which causes a disease called human monocytic ehrlichiosis, or HME, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, which causes a disease called human granulocytic anaplasmosis, or HGA.
Now, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma have a thin peptidoglycan layer, so they don’t retain the crystal violet dye during Gram staining.
Instead, like any other Gram-negative bacteria, they stain pink with safranin dye.
Both are non-motile, non-spore forming, and obligate intracellular which means they can survive only inside cells.
Finally, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma don’t grow on routine culture media and they need to be cultivated in vitro in different cell lines.
So, Ehrlichia chaffeensis can be isolated in DH82 canine histiocytic cell line and Anaplasma phagocytophilum can be isolated in promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cell line.
Now, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma enter circulation following a tick bite and once inside the body, they infect circulating leukocytes.
Ehrlichia primarily targets monocytes and macrophages, and it infects them using tandem repeat proteins, or TRP.
These bacterial proteins bind to proteins found on the surface of the cell, and they induce phagocytosis - so basically, they make the cell gobble up the bacteria.
Anaplasma, on the other hand, primarily targets neutrophils, and infects them with the help of a P-selectin glycoprotein which binds on the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1, or PSGL-1 found on the surface of neutrophils.
This activates an intracellular pathway that leads to reorganization of cellular actin which leads to phagocytosis, allowing Anaplasma to enter the cell.
Once inside the cell, both Ehrlichia and Anaplasma live in an early endosome, which normally merge with lysosomes to kill invading bacteria.
Ehrlichia and Anaplasma are bacteria that are transmitted by ticks. Ehrlichia causes ehrlichiosis, whereas Anaplasma causes anaplasmosis. Ehrlichiosis and Ehrlichiosis present with similar symptoms, which include headache, fever, muscle pain, nausea and vomiting. Most people who get infected with these bacteria do not have any symptoms, but in some cases these bacteria can cause serious illness. Ehrlichiosis and Ehrlichiosis are diagnosed with PCR or serology tests, and are treated with antibiotics.
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