Erectile dysfunction
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Erectile dysfunction
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Psychological disorders review
Mood disorders: Pathology review
Amnesia, dissociative disorders and delirium: Pathology review
Personality disorders: Pathology review
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Erectile dysfunction p. 590
β -blockers and p. 247, 329
cimetidine p. 407
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome p. 483
PDE-5 inhibitors for p. 681
Peyronie disease p. 675
sildenafil p. 711
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Transcript
Contributors
Elizabeth Nixon-Shapiro, MSMI, CMI
Evan Debevec-McKenney
In erectile dysfunction, an individual is unable to develop or maintain an erection during sex.
This disorder is also called impotence and like other sexual dysfunction, this condition becomes more common with age.
Sex can be important within relationships, so erectile dysfunction often carries with it emotional and psychological stigma.
In both males and females,, sexual activity involves a sequence of events called the sexual response cycle.
This cycle has four phases, excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
During the excitement phase, muscle tension, heart rate, and blood flow to the genitals increases.
In males, this is called an erection.
When these reach the maximum level, it’s called the plateau phase.
Next, the accumulated sexual tension gets released during orgasm, causing ejaculation in males.
Immediately after orgasm comes the resolution phase, where the body slowly returns to its original, un-excited state.
Alright, let’s take a closer look at the penis which is made of three long cylindrical bodies: the corpus spongiosum that surrounds the penile urethra, and the two corpora cavernosa made of erectile tissue.
The corpora cavernosa are wrapped in a fibrous coat called the tunica albuginea, and each corpus cavernosum is made up of blood-filled spaces called the cavernosal spaces.
These areas are lined with endothelial cells surrounded by smooth muscle.
Running down the centre of each corpus cavernosum is a large artery called the deep artery which gives off smaller arteries that supply the cavernosal spaces.
Next, blood get drained from these spaces by small emissary veins, which drain into the deep dorsal vein.
This vein then carries the blood back into the systemic circulation.
Now, the penis receives both somatic and autonomic innervation through the cavernous nerves, which innervate both the corpus spongiosum, and the corpora cavernosa.
Summary
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the inability to get and maintain an erection firm enough for sexual intercourse. It is a common problem, affecting main people. There are many possible causes of ED, including diabetes, heart disease, obesity, high blood pressure, and low testosterone levels.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2019)
- "Physiology of Penile Erection and Pathophysiology of Erectile Dysfunction" Urologic Clinics of North America (2005)
- "Mechanism of diabetic neuropathy: Where are we now and where to go?" Journal of Diabetes Investigation (2010)
- "Priapism associated with pregabalin" Urology Annals (2014)
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