Esophageal disorders: Pathology review
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Esophageal disorders: Pathology review
Pathology
Liver, gallbladder and pancreas disorders
Biliary atresia
Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
Gilbert's syndrome
Rotor syndrome
Acute cholecystitis
Ascending cholangitis
Biliary colic
Cholangiocarcinoma
Chronic cholecystitis
Gallbladder cancer
Gallstone ileus
Gallstones
Alcohol-induced liver disease
Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
Autoimmune hepatitis
Benign liver tumors
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Cholestatic liver disease
Cirrhosis
Hemochromatosis
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatitis
Hepatocellular adenoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Jaundice
Neonatal hepatitis
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Portal hypertension
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Reye syndrome
Wilson disease
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Acute pancreatitis
Chronic pancreatitis
Pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic pseudocyst
Lower gastrointestinal tract disorders
Bowel obstruction
Gallstone ileus
Intestinal adhesions
Volvulus
Colorectal cancer
Colorectal polyps
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Gardner syndrome
Juvenile polyposis syndrome
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Gastroschisis
Hirschsprung disease
Imperforate anus
Intestinal atresia
Intestinal malrotation
Intussusception
Meckel diverticulum
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Omphalocele
Abdominal hernias
Femoral hernia
Inguinal hernia
Crohn disease
Microscopic colitis
Ulcerative colitis
Ischemic colitis
Small bowel ischemia and infarction
Celiac disease
Lactose intolerance
Protein losing enteropathy
Short bowel syndrome (NORD)
Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome
Tropical sprue
Whipple's disease
Carcinoid syndrome
Appendicitis
Diverticulosis and diverticulitis
Gastroenteritis
Irritable bowel syndrome
Anal fissure
Anal fistula
Hemorrhoid
Rectal prolapse
Upper gastrointestinal tract disorders
Cleft lip and palate
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Esophageal web
Pyloric stenosis
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Achalasia
Barrett esophagus
Boerhaave syndrome
Diffuse esophageal spasm
Eosinophilic esophagitis (NORD)
Esophageal cancer
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Zenker diverticulum
Cyclic vomiting syndrome
Gastric cancer
Gastric dumping syndrome
Gastritis
Gastroenteritis
Gastroparesis
Peptic ulcer
Aphthous ulcers
Dental abscess
Dental caries disease
Gingivitis and periodontitis
Ludwig angina
Oral cancer
Oral candidiasis
Parotitis
Sialadenitis
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Warthin tumor
Gastrointestinal system pathology review
Appendicitis: Pathology review
Cirrhosis: Pathology review
Colorectal polyps and cancer: Pathology review
Congenital gastrointestinal disorders: Pathology review
Diverticular disease: Pathology review
Esophageal disorders: Pathology review
Gallbladder disorders: Pathology review
Gastrointestinal bleeding: Pathology review
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathology review
Jaundice: Pathology review
Malabsorption syndromes: Pathology review
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review
Pancreatitis: Pathology review
Viral hepatitis: Pathology review
Assessments
Esophageal disorders: Pathology review
USMLE® Step 1 questions
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Transcript
Content Reviewers
A 33-year-old named Ravi came to the clinic because he has difficulty swallowing food and water over the last 3 months. Physical examination shows significant weight loss, of 7-kg or 15-lb, since his last visit 4 months ago. Esophageal manometry shows incomplete lower esophageal sphincter relaxation in response to swallowing, while barium swallow reveals a dilated esophagus with an area of distal stenosis. At the same time, a 62-year-old man named Frank comes to the clinic because of bad breath, regurgitation of food overnight, and trouble swallowing food. He has had these symptoms for several months. He denies fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, or weight loss. Physical examination shows a mass on the side of the neck. v
Now, both Ravi and Frank have some form of the esophageal disorder. Esophageal disorders can be subdivided into: inflammatory esophageal disorders, or esophagitis, which are characterized by an inflammation of the esophageal lining along with dysphagia, and odynophagia; functional esophageal disorders, which affect the muscles and nerves that control the motility of the esophagus and cause intermittent dysphagia for solids and liquids; and mechanical esophageal disorders, which are characterized by the blockage of the passageway and they typically cause progressive dysphagia for solids.
Inflammatory esophageal disorders, also known as esophagitis, are characterized by an inflammation of the esophageal lining and based on the cause, they are also subdivided into several types.
First, there’s reflux esophagitis, which is associated with the reflux of gastric acid from the stomach back into the esophagus. Alternatively, pill-induced esophagitis, where a medication injures the esophagus thereby causing inflammation and possible upper GI bleeding. It is associated with medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs, bisphosphonates, tetracyclines, iron, and potassium chloride. In caustic esophagitis, caustic agents, such as strong acids like vinegar or strong bases like detergents, cause esophageal lesions.
Sources
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Rosen's Emergency Medicine - Concepts and Clinical Practice E-Book" Elsevier Health Sciences (2013)
- "Endoscopic assessment of oesophagitis: clinical and functional correlates and further validation of the Los Angeles classification" Gut (1999)
- "How I Approach Dysphagia" Current Gastroenterology Reports (2019)
- "Iron deficiency anemia and Plummer–Vinson syndrome: current insights" Journal of Blood Medicine (2017)
- "Morphometric and anthropometric analysis of Killian's triangle" The Laryngoscope (2010)
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