Eye conditions: Refractive errors, lens disorders and glaucoma: Pathology review
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Eye conditions: Refractive errors, lens disorders and glaucoma: Pathology review
Subspeciality surgery
Cardiothoracic surgery
Coronary artery disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Valvular heart disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Pericardial disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Aortic aneurysms and dissections: Clinical (To be retired)
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Anatomy clinical correlates: Thoracic wall
Anatomy clinical correlates: Heart
Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Mediastinum
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Anatomy clinical correlates: Olfactory (CN I) and optic (CN II) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Facial (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (X), spinal accessory (CN XI) and hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Skull, face and scalp
Anatomy clinical correlates: Ear
Anatomy clinical correlates: Temporal regions, oral cavity and nose
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, fascia and muscles of the neck
Anatomy clinical correlates: Vessels, nerves and lymphatics of the neck
Anatomy clinical correlates: Viscera of the neck
Antihistamines for allergies
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Stroke: Clinical (To be retired)
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Headaches: Clinical (To be retired)
Traumatic brain injury: Clinical (To be retired)
Neck trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Brain tumors: Clinical (To be retired)
Lower back pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Olfactory (CN I) and optic (CN II) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV) and abducens (CN VI) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Facial (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (X), spinal accessory (CN XI) and hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Vertebral canal
Anatomy clinical correlates: Spinal cord pathways
Anatomy clinical correlates: Cerebral hemispheres
Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior blood supply to the brain
Anatomy clinical correlates: Cerebellum and brainstem
Anatomy clinical correlates: Posterior blood supply to the brain
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Ophthalmology
Eye conditions: Refractive errors, lens disorders and glaucoma: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Retinal disorders: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Inflammation, infections and trauma: Pathology review
Anatomy clinical correlates: Olfactory (CN I) and optic (CN II) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV) and abducens (CN VI) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Eye
Orthopedic surgery
Joint pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Lower back pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Clavicle and shoulder
Anatomy clinical correlates: Axilla
Anatomy clinical correlates: Arm, elbow and forearm
Anatomy clinical correlates: Wrist and hand
Anatomy clinical correlates: Median, ulnar and radial nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, joints and muscles of the back
Anatomy clinical correlates: Hip, gluteal region and thigh
Anatomy clinical correlates: Knee
Anatomy clinical correlates: Leg and ankle
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Trauma surgery
Traumatic brain injury: Clinical (To be retired)
Neck trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Chest trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Abdominal trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
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Penile conditions: Pathology review
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Renal cysts and cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
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Testicular and scrotal conditions: Pathology review
Anatomy clinical correlates: Male pelvis and perineum
Anatomy clinical correlates: Female pelvis and perineum
Anatomy clinical correlates: Other abdominal organs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Inguinal region
Androgens and antiandrogens
PDE5 inhibitors
Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers
Vascular surgery
Peripheral vascular disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Leg ulcers: Clinical (To be retired)
Aortic aneurysms and dissections: Clinical (To be retired)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior and posterior abdominal wall
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
Lipid-lowering medications: Statins
Lipid-lowering medications: Fibrates
Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications
Antiplatelet medications
Thrombolytics
Assessments
Eye conditions: Refractive errors, lens disorders and glaucoma: Pathology review
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Transcript
Content Reviewers
Scott Caterine, BSc (Hons.), MSc, MB, BCh, BAO (Hons.)Contributors
Antonia Syrnioti, MD
Antonella Melani, MDSam Gillespie, BSc
Tina Collins
Talia Ingram, MSMI, CMI
At the ophthalmology clinic, 61-year-old Pedro presents with vision impairment that has been progressive over the past couple of years. He denies experiencing any pain. His past medical history is significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Physical examination shows bilateral clouding of the lens.
Next to him, 68-year-old Eileen comes in. She complains that, about an hour ago she started experiencing excruciating pain in her right eye, accompanied by blurry vision and seeing halos around bright lights. Eileen also tells you that she has since vomited twice. On clinical examination, her right eye is red, with a dilated pupil that fails to react to light. Her left eye appears unremarkable.
Based on the initial presentation, both Pedro and Eileen have some form of eye condition. But first, a bit of physiology. If we take a closer look at a cross-section of an eye, we can see that it’s split into three different chambers: anterior, posterior, and vitreous. The anterior chamber includes the area from the cornea to the iris. The posterior chamber is a really narrow space between the iris and the lens. Finally, the much larger vitreous chamber includes the space between the lens and the back of the eye.
Now, both the anterior and posterior chambers are located in the anterior segment of the eye, while the vitreous chamber is part of the posterior segment of the eye. Both chambers in the anterior segment, that is, the anterior and posterior chambers, are filled with a clear watery fluid called aqueous humor, while the vitreous chamber is filled with a clear but thicker fluid called the vitreous humor.
Okay, let’s start with what’s probably the most common group of eye conditions, so refractive errors. Normally, when the eye is in a relaxed state, the refractive power of the cornea and lens help focus light onto the retina. The retina is like a movie screen and the distance from the projector is the axial length of the eye. If it’s too close or too far from the projector, the image will end up looking blurry or out of focus. When the lens and cornea can focus light perfectly on the retina, it’s called emmetropia.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Epidemiology of myopia" Eye (2014)
- "Primary Care Optometry" Elsevier Health Sciences (2007)
- "Age-related cataract" The Lancet (2005)
- "Epidemiology of cataract in childhood: A global perspective" Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (1997)
- "Glaucoma: the retina and beyond" Acta Neuropathologica (2016)
- "Glaucoma" Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice (2015)
- "Color Atlas and Synopsis of Clinical Ophthalmology -- Wills Eye Institute -- Glaucoma" Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2012)
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