Fetal alcohol syndrome
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
Psychological disorders
Mood disorders
Major depressive disorder
Suicide
Bipolar disorder
Seasonal affective disorder
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Anxiety disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder
Social anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Agoraphobia
Phobias
Obsessive-compulsive disorders
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Body focused repetitive disorders
Body dysmorphic disorder
Stress-related disorders and abuse
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Physical and sexual abuse
Psychotic disorders
Schizoaffective disorder
Schizophreniform disorder
Delusional disorder
Schizophrenia
Cognitive and dissociative disorders
Delirium
Amnesia
Dissociative disorders
Eating disorders
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Personality disorders
Cluster A personality disorders
Cluster B personality disorders
Cluster C personality disorders
Somatoform and factitious disorders
Somatic symptom disorder
Factitious disorder
Substance use disorders and drugs of abuse
Tobacco dependence
Opioid dependence
Cannabis dependence
Cocaine dependence
Alcohol use disorder
Sleep disorders
Bruxism
Nocturnal enuresis
Insomnia
Night terrors
Narcolepsy (NORD)
Sexual dysfunction disorders
Erectile dysfunction
Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
Orgasmic dysfunction
Female sexual interest and arousal disorder
Genito-pelvic pain and penetration disorder
Pediatric disorders
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders
Learning disability
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Tourette syndrome
Autism spectrum disorder
Rett syndrome
Shaken baby syndrome
Enuresis
Encopresis
Psychiatric emergencies
Suicide
Serotonin syndrome
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Psychological disorders review
Mood disorders: Pathology review
Amnesia, dissociative disorders and delirium: Pathology review
Personality disorders: Pathology review
Eating disorders: Pathology review
Psychological sleep disorders: Pathology review
Psychiatric emergencies: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Hallucinogens: Pathology review
Malingering, factitious disorders and somatoform disorders: Pathology review
Anxiety disorders, phobias and stress-related disorders: Pathology Review
Trauma- and stress-related disorders: Pathology review
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Stimulants: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Alcohol: Pathology review
Developmental and learning disorders: Pathology review
Childhood and early-onset psychological disorders: Pathology review
Assessments
Fetal alcohol syndrome
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Atrial septal defect (ASD) p. 305
fetal alcohol syndrome p. 306
Developmental delay
fetal alcohol syndrome p. 639
Facies
in fetal alcohol syndrome p. 640
Fetal alcohol syndrome p. 306, 638, 639
holoprosencephaly in p. 505
Holoprosencephaly p. 505
fetal alcohol syndrome p. 639
Intellectual disability
fetal alcohol syndrome p. 639
Microcephaly
fetal alcohol syndrome p. 639
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
fetal alcohol syndrome p. 306
Tetralogy of Fallot p. 304
fetal alcohol syndrome p. 306
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) p. 305, 728
fetal alcohol syndrome p. 306
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Transcript
Content Reviewers
Viviana Popa, MDContributors
Jung Hee Lee, MScBMC
Maria Emfietzoglou, MD
Fetal alcohol syndrome, or FAS, occurs because of maternal use of alcohol during pregnancy.
It’s currently the leading cause of intellectual disability in the US and can cause characteristic physical abnormalities.
Normally, the fetus is connected to the placenta by the umbilical cord, so the fetus gets oxygen and nutrients from the mother.
Unfortunately, ethanol and toxic alcohol metabolites like acetaldehyde also pass freely through the placenta, but the fetal liver doesn’t have the necessary enzymes to metabolize them, so they build up inside the fetus really fast.
In FAS, ethanol interferes with cell division and proliferation, cell growth and differentiation, and with the migration of mature cells to their final location in the developing embryo, which affects the development of various fetal tissues, including the brain.
Alcohol-induced brain damage includes partial or complete agenesis of the corpus callosum, which links the two hemispheres together, so it either forms incompletely, or not at all.
This causes intellectual disability and seizures.
When the frontal cortex and the hippocampus are affected, this causes poor memory and communication skills, as well as intellectual disability.
The cerebellum can also be smaller in size, called hypoplasia, leading to trouble with movement and balance.
The most common symptom of FAS is growth retardation, resulting in low height and weight.
Summary
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is an umbrella term describing the range of effects that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. FASD can include physical, behavioral, and intellectual disabilities.
There is no safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, and drinking any amount can cause FASD. FASD is 100% preventable if women don't drink alcohol during pregnancy. If a woman does drink alcohol during pregnancy, there is no way to know for sure how her child will be affected.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison’s principles of internal medicine" McGraw Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5 )" American Psychiatric Association (2013)
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