GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
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GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Pathology
Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity
Peritonitis
Pneumoperitoneum
Upper gastrointestinal tract disorders
Cleft lip and palate
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Esophageal web
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Pyloric stenosis
Sialadenitis
Parotitis
Oral candidiasis
Ludwig angina
Aphthous ulcers
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Dental abscess
Gingivitis and periodontitis
Dental caries disease
Oral cancer
Warthin tumor
Barrett esophagus
Achalasia
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
Boerhaave syndrome
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Zenker diverticulum
Diffuse esophageal spasm
Esophageal cancer
Eosinophilic esophagitis (NORD)
Gastritis
Gastric dumping syndrome
Peptic ulcer
Gastroparesis
Cyclic vomiting syndrome
Gastroenteritis
Gastric cancer
Lower gastrointestinal tract disorders
Gastroschisis
Imperforate anus
Omphalocele
Meckel diverticulum
Intestinal atresia
Hirschsprung disease
Intestinal malrotation
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Intussusception
Tropical sprue
Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome
Celiac disease
Short bowel syndrome (NORD)
Lactose intolerance
Whipple's disease
Protein losing enteropathy
Microscopic colitis
Crohn disease
Ulcerative colitis
Bowel obstruction
Intestinal adhesions
Volvulus
Gallstone ileus
Abdominal hernias
Femoral hernia
Inguinal hernia
Small bowel ischemia and infarction
Ischemic colitis
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Gardner syndrome
Juvenile polyposis syndrome
Colorectal polyps
Colorectal cancer
Carcinoid syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome
Gastroenteritis
Diverticulosis and diverticulitis
Appendicitis
Anal fissure
Anal fistula
Hemorrhoid
Rectal prolapse
Liver, gallbladder and pancreas disorders
Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Biliary atresia
Gilbert's syndrome
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
Rotor syndrome
Jaundice
Cirrhosis
Portal hypertension
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hemochromatosis
Wilson disease
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Cholestatic liver disease
Hepatocellular adenoma
Autoimmune hepatitis
Alcohol-induced liver disease
Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Hepatitis
Neonatal hepatitis
Reye syndrome
Benign liver tumors
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Gallstones
Biliary colic
Acute cholecystitis
Ascending cholangitis
Chronic cholecystitis
Gallstone ileus
Gallbladder cancer
Cholangiocarcinoma
Acute pancreatitis
Pancreatic pseudocyst
Chronic pancreatitis
Pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Gastrointestinal system pathology review
Congenital gastrointestinal disorders: Pathology review
Esophageal disorders: Pathology review
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathology review
Malabsorption syndromes: Pathology review
Diverticular disease: Pathology review
Appendicitis: Pathology review
Gastrointestinal bleeding: Pathology review
Colorectal polyps and cancer: Pathology review
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review
Pancreatitis: Pathology review
Gallbladder disorders: Pathology review
Jaundice: Pathology review
Viral hepatitis: Pathology review
Cirrhosis: Pathology review
Assessments
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
USMLE® Step 1 questions
0 / 18 complete
Questions
USMLE® Step 1 style questions USMLE
of complete
| Laboratory value | Result |
| CBC, Serum | |
| Hemoglobin | 10.1 g/dL |
| Hematocrit | 30% |
| Leukocyte count | 14,000 /mm3 |
| Platelet count | 160,000/mm3 |
| Serum | |
| Sodium | 132 mEq/L |
| Potassium | 4.2 mEq/L |
| Chloride | 95 mEq/L |
| BUN | 67 mg/dL |
| Creatinine | 2.6 mg/dL |
| Albumin | 3.7 g/dL |
| AST | 60 U/L |
| ALT | 30 U/L |
| Alkaline Phosphatase | 110 U/L |
| Bilirubin, total | .7 mg/dL |
| Lipase | 100 U/L |
Memory Anchors and Partner Content
Transcript
Content Reviewers
Yifan Xiao, MDContributors
David G. Walker
Filip Vasiljević, MD
Sam Gillespie, BSc
Ursula Florjanczyk, MScBMC
A 61-year-old man, named Shawn, comes to the emergency department because of substernal chest pain and heartburn.
He mentions that his symptoms worsen typically after coffee, heavy meals or during times of stress.
He also feels the pain at night when he is lying in bed and has previously been woken from sleep by discomfort.
He has not noticed any dyspnea, diaphoresis, or palpitations but is currently experiencing some nausea and a sour taste in his mouth. Shawn also denies a history of previous cardiovascular conditions. His ECG is normal.
Shawn has gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD. GERD is a condition caused by a transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation, which enables stomach contents and acid to re-enter esophagus and damage esophageal mucosa.
As a result, people with GERD present with symptoms such as retrosternal chest pain, heartburn, regurgitation, and dysphagia.
It’s important to note that GERD symptoms tend to worsen after eating, when lying down, or bending over.
Now, if stomach acid gets to the throat, it can cause laryngopharyngeal reflux, which has a different set of symptoms such as acidic taste in the mouth, sore throat, chronic cough, and hoarseness.
In the mouth, gastric acid can even damage tooth enamel. Finally, if inhaled, stomach acid can cause pneumonia and asthma.
GERD is commonly associated with conditions such as decreased esophageal motility, gastric outlet obstruction, and hiatal hernia.
Risk factors for GERD include lifestyle habits such as caffeine, alcohol, and smoking; use of some medications, such as antihistamines and calcium channel blockers; but also, obesity; pregnancy; and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease" New England Journal of Medicine (2008)
- "Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease" New England Journal of Medicine (2008)
- "Barrett's oesophagus" The Lancet (2009)
- "Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma: time for a new synthesis" Nature Reviews Cancer (2010)
- "Barrett's oesophagus: from metaplasia to dysplasia and cancer" Gut (2005)
- "Inflammation, atrophy, and gastric cancer" Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)
- "Ménétrier disease and gastrointestinal stromal tumors: hyperproliferative disorders of the stomach" Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)
- "MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME" Annual Review of Medicine (1995)
- "Guide to the Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors in Adult Patients" Drugs (2008)
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