Glucocorticoids
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Glucocorticoids
Prerequisite basic sciences
Prerequisite basic sciences
Childhood and early-onset psychological disorders: Pathology review
Prerequisite basic sciences
Attributable risk (AR)
Bias in interpreting results of clinical studies
Bias in performing clinical studies
Clinical trials
Confounding
DALY and QALY
Direct standardization
Disease causality
Incidence and prevalence
Indirect standardization
Interaction
Mortality rates and case-fatality
Odds ratio
Positive and negative predictive value
Prevention
Relative and absolute risk
Selection bias
Sensitivity and specificity
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Test precision and accuracy
Acyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Adrenal masses: Pathology review
Bacterial and viral skin infections: Pathology review
Bone tumors: Pathology review
Coagulation disorders: Pathology review
Congenital neurological disorders: Pathology review
Cyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Extrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Inflammation, infections and trauma: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Refractive errors, lens disorders and glaucoma: Pathology review
Headaches: Pathology review
Intrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Leukemias: Pathology review
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Microcytic anemia: Pathology review
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Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review
Nephritic syndromes: Pathology review
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Non-hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Pediatric brain tumors: Pathology review
Pediatric musculoskeletal disorders: Pathology review
Platelet disorders: Pathology review
Renal and urinary tract masses: Pathology review
Seizures: Pathology review
Viral exanthems of childhood: Pathology review
Pharmacodynamics: Agonist, partial agonist and antagonist
Pharmacodynamics: Desensitization and tolerance
Pharmacodynamics: Drug-receptor interactions
Pharmacokinetics: Drug absorption and distribution
Pharmacokinetics: Drug elimination and clearance
Pharmacokinetics: Drug metabolism
Prerequisite basic sciences
Adrenal masses: Pathology review
Cystic fibrosis: Pathology review
Diabetes mellitus: Pathology review
HIV and AIDS: Pathology review
Intrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Leukemias: Pathology review
Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review
Obstructive lung diseases: Pathology review
Papulosquamous and inflammatory skin disorders: Pathology review
Pediatric brain tumors: Pathology review
Renal and urinary tract masses: Pathology review
Seizures: Pathology review
Prerequisite basic sciences
Developmental and learning disorders: Pathology review
Prerequisite basic sciences
Growth hormone and somatostatin
Prerequisite basic sciences
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Human development days 1-4
Human development days 4-7
Human development week 2
Human development week 3
Mesoderm
Cell cycle
DNA damage and repair
DNA mutations
DNA replication
DNA structure
Epigenetics
Gene regulation
Mitosis and meiosis
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Transcription of DNA
Translation of mRNA
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Independent assortment of genes and linkage
Inheritance patterns
Mendelian genetics and punnett squares
Acyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Autosomal trisomies: Pathology review
Congenital neurological disorders: Pathology review
Cyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Cystic fibrosis: Pathology review
Disorders of sex chromosomes: Pathology review
Miscellaneous genetic disorders: Pathology review
Prerequisite basic sciences
Breastfeeding
Prerequisite basic sciences
Baroreceptors
Cardiac preload
Chemoreceptors
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Adrenal insufficiency: Pathology review
Central nervous system infections: Pathology review
Congenital gastrointestinal disorders: Pathology review
Diabetes mellitus: Pathology review
Electrolyte disturbances: Pathology review
Environmental and chemical toxicities: Pathology review
Gastrointestinal bleeding: Pathology review
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathology review
Medication overdoses and toxicities: Pathology review
Obstructive lung diseases: Pathology review
Pediatric brain tumors: Pathology review
Pediatric musculoskeletal disorders: Pathology review
Pneumonia: Pathology review
Psychiatric emergencies: Pathology review
Seizures: Pathology review
Shock: Pathology review
Supraventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Traumatic brain injury: Pathology review
Ventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Prerequisite basic sciences
Androgens and antiandrogens
Estrogens and antiestrogens
Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins
Antihistamines for allergies
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
Antituberculosis medications
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Metronidazole
Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Aminoglycosides
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines
Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists
Bronchodilators: Leukotriene antagonists and methylxanthines
Pulmonary corticosteroids and mast cell inhibitors
Glucocorticoids
Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists
Bronchodilators: Leukotriene antagonists and methylxanthines
Azoles
Glucocorticoids
Pulmonary corticosteroids and mast cell inhibitors
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins
Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines
Pharmacodynamics: Agonist, partial agonist and antagonist
Pharmacodynamics: Desensitization and tolerance
Pharmacodynamics: Drug-receptor interactions
Pharmacokinetics: Drug absorption and distribution
Pharmacokinetics: Drug elimination and clearance
Pharmacokinetics: Drug metabolism
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins
Glucocorticoids
Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Barbiturates
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines
Nonbenzodiazepine anticonvulsants
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins
Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Assessments
Glucocorticoids
Flashcards
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Flashcards
Glucocorticoids
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External References
First Aid
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
B cells p. 411
glucocorticoid effects p. 118
Glucocorticoids
acute gout attack p. 726
adrenal insufficiency p. 355
adrenal steroids and p. 338
arachidonic acid pathway p. 498
calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease p. 477
Cushing syndrome diagnosis p. 354
diabetes mellitus p. 354
fat redistribution with p. 251
gout p. 477, 500
myopathy p. 251
rheumatoid arthritis p. 476
Transcript
Glucocorticoids are a group of steroid hormones, which are secreted by the two adrenal glands that sit like hats, one on top of each kidney. Each one has an inner layer called the medulla and an outer layer called the cortex. The adrenal cortex secretes different corticosteroid hormones: like glucocorticoids under the control of adrenocorticotropic hormone, or ACTH.
Normally the hypothalamus, located at the base of the brain, secretes corticotropin releasing hormone, known as CRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone, known as ACTH. ACTH then travels to the pair of adrenal glands and binds to the ACTH receptors on adrenocortical cells. This causes the adrenocortical cells to release the glucocorticoids from the zona fasciculata, which have powerful anti-inflammatory and metabolic effects. These glucocorticoids have a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, meaning excess corticosteroids suppress the release of both CRH and ACTH into the circulation.
Now, once made, glucocorticoids enter the circulation and travel via the blood to reach the target cells. Steroids are lipophilic molecules, so they cross the cell membrane, enter inside the cell, and bind with a cytoplasmic receptor protein, called a ‘glucocorticoid receptor’. Now, this ‘glucocorticoid-receptor complex’ undergoes some structural changes, which allow them to enter inside the nucleus and bind with the ‘glucocorticoid response elements’ or GRE on the chromatin. Now, this induces transcription of specific mRNA that’s used to synthesize different proteins, which in turn modifies various cell functions and metabolic effects in the body.
Sources
- "Katzung & Trevor's Pharmacology Examination and Board Review,12th Edition" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Rang and Dale's Pharmacology" Elsevier (2019)
- "Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 13th Edition" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2017)
- "Adrenal insufficiency - recognition and management" Clin Med (Lond) (2017)
- "Clinical Pharmacology of Corticosteroids" Respiratory Care (2018)
- "Treatment with Synthetic Glucocorticoids and the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2017)
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