Gout
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Gout
Musculoskeletal system
Pediatric musculoskeletal conditions
Radial head subluxation (Nursemaid elbow)
Developmental dysplasia of the hip
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Transient synovitis
Osgood-Schlatter disease (traction apophysitis)
Musculoskeletal injuries and trauma
Rotator cuff tear
Dislocated shoulder
Radial head subluxation (Nursemaid elbow)
Winged scapula
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Ulnar claw
Erb-Duchenne palsy
Klumpke paralysis
Iliotibial band syndrome
Unhappy triad
Anterior cruciate ligament injury
Patellar tendon rupture
Meniscus tear
Patellofemoral pain syndrome
Sprained ankle
Achilles tendon rupture
Spondylolysis
Spondylolisthesis
Degenerative disc disease
Spinal disc herniation
Sciatica
Compartment syndrome
Rhabdomyolysis
Bone disorders
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Craniosynostosis
Pectus excavatum
Arthrogryposis
Genu valgum
Genu varum
Pigeon toe
Flat feet
Club foot
Cleidocranial dysplasia
Achondroplasia
Osteomyelitis
Bone tumors
Osteochondroma
Chondrosarcoma
Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia and rickets
Osteopetrosis
Paget disease of bone
Osteosclerosis
Lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis
Joint disorders
Osteoarthritis
Spondylosis
Spinal stenosis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Gout
Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (pseudogout)
Psoriatic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Reactive arthritis
Spondylitis
Septic arthritis
Bursitis
Baker cyst
Muscular disorders
Muscular dystrophy
Polymyositis
Dermatomyositis
Inclusion body myopathy
Polymyalgia rheumatica
Fibromyalgia
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Neuromuscular junction disorders
Myasthenia gravis
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Other autoimmune disorders
Sjogren syndrome
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Mixed connective tissue disease
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Raynaud phenomenon
Scleroderma
Limited systemic sclerosis (CREST syndrome)
Musculoskeletal system pathology review
Back pain: Pathology review
Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: Pathology review
Seronegative and septic arthritis: Pathology review
Gout and pseudogout: Pathology review
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): Pathology review
Scleroderma: Pathology review
Sjogren syndrome: Pathology review
Bone disorders: Pathology review
Bone tumors: Pathology review
Myalgias and myositis: Pathology review
Neuromuscular junction disorders: Pathology review
Muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial myopathies: Pathology review
Assessments
Gout
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Gout
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Similar nodules are present on the left elbow and right external pinna of the ear. Further evaluation of this patient will most likely reveal which of the following?
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External References
First Aid
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Alcohol use
gout and p. 477
Allopurinol
for gout p. 477, 500
gout p. 726
Chronic gout
treatment p. 726
Colchicine
acute gout attack p. 726
gout p. 477, 500
Cyclosporine
gout p. 251
Dehydration
gout exacerbation p. 477
Diuretics
in gout p. 500
Febuxostat
gout p. 477, 500, 726
Furosemide p. 253, 632
gout with p. 251
Glucocorticoids
acute gout attack p. 726
gout p. 477, 500
Gout p. 477
as drug reaction p. 251
drug therapy for p. 499
kidney stones and p. 628
lab findings p. 722
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome p. 35
loop diuretics and p. 632
presentation p. 718
treatment p. 726
Von Gierke disease p. 85
Indomethacin p. 499
gout p. 477
Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints
gout p. 477
Naproxen p. 499
acute gout drugs p. 501
Niacin
gout p. 251
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) p. 499
acute gout attack p. 726
gout p. 477, 501
Podagra
gout p. 477
presentation p. 718
Probenecid p. 253
for gout p. 500, 726
Pyrazinamide p. 194
gout p. 251
Thiazides p. 633
gout p. 251
Tophi in gout p. 718
Uric acid
gout p. 500
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Transcript
Contributors
Gout is an inflammatory disease in which monosodium urate crystals deposit into a joint, making it red, hot, tender and swollen within hours.
When this happens, it’s called a gouty attack.
The underlying cause is hyperuricemia—too much uric acid in the blood, which results in the formation of sharp, needle-like crystals, in areas with slow blood flow like the joints and the kidney tubules.
Over time, repeated gouty attacks can cause destruction of the joint tissue which results in arthritis.
To understand where the uric acid comes from, let’s start with purines, which, together with pyrimidines, are nature’s most common nitrogen-containing heterocycles.
A heterocycle being any molecular ring or cycle with different types of atoms.
Purines, as well as pyrimidines, are key components of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, and when cells, along with the nucleic acids in those cells, are broken down throughout the body, those purines are converted into uric acid—a molecule that can be filtered out of the blood and excreted in the urine.
Uric acid has limited solubility in body fluids, though. Hyperuricemia occurs when levels of uric acid exceed the rate of its solubility, which is about 6.8mg/dL.
At a physiologic pH of about 7.4, uric acid loses a proton and becomes a urate ion, which then binds sodium and forms monosodium urate crystals.
These crystals can form as a result of increased consumption of purines, like from consuming purine-rich foods like shellfish, anchovies, red meat or organ meat.
Also, though, they can result from increased production of purines, for example high-fructose corn syrup containing beverages could contribute to the formation of uric acid by increasing purine synthesis.
Another way crystals could form is from decreased clearance of uric acid, which can result from dehydration from not drinking enough water or from consumption of alcoholic beverages, both of allowing uric acid to precipitate out.
Regularly eating these kinds of foods can also lead to obesity and diabetes, both of which are risk-factors for gout.
Hyperuricemia can also develop as a result of chemotherapy or radiation treatment, since cells die at a faster-than-normal rate.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2019)
- "Gout" The Lancet (2016)
- "Update on gout: new therapeutic strategies and options" Nature Reviews Rheumatology (2010)
- "Diagnosis of Acute Gout: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians" Annals of Internal Medicine (2016)
Copyright © 2023 Elsevier, except certain content provided by third parties
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