45,540views
00:00 / 00:00
of complete
of complete
2024
2023
2022
2021
Graves disease and p. 346
Graves disease and p. 346
Graves disease p. 346
autoantibody p. 113
goiter caused by p. 346
HLA-DR3 and p. 98
hyperthyroidism p. 346
type II hypersensitivity p. 110
Graves disease p. 346
Graves disease and p. 346
Graves disease and p. 346
Graves disease and p. 346
First described by Irish surgeon Robert James Graves, Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism.
In hyperthyroidism, ‘hyper’ refers to having too much, and ‘thyroid’ refers to thyroid hormone, so Graves disease refers to a condition where there’s excess thyroid hormones.
Normally, the hypothalamus, which is located at the base of the brain, detects low blood levels of thyroid hormones and releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone into the hypophyseal portal system - which is a network of capillaries linking the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
The anterior pituitary then releases thyroid-stimulating hormone, also called thyrotropin or simply TSH.
TSH stimulates the thyroid gland which is a gland located in the neck that looks like two thumbs hooked together in the shape of a “V”.
The thyroid gland is made up of thousands of follicles, which are small spheres lined with follicular cells.
Follicular cells convert thyroglobulin, a protein found in follicles, into two iodine-containing hormones, triiodothyronine or T3, and thyroxine or T4.
Once released from the thyroid gland, these hormones enter the blood and bind to circulating plasma proteins.
Only a small amount of T3 and T4 will travel unbound in the blood, and these two hormones get picked up by nearly every cell in the body.
Once inside the cell T4 is mostly converted into T3, and it can exert its effect.
T3 speeds up the basal metabolic rate.
So as an example, they might produce more proteins and burn up more energy in the form of sugars and fats.
It’s as if the cells are in a bit of frenzy.
T3 increases cardiac output, stimulates bone resorption - thinning out the bones, and activates the sympathetic nervous system, the part of the nervous system responsible for our ‘fight-or-flight’ response.
Thyroid hormone is important - and the occasional increase is like getting a boost to fight off a hungry predator or to stay warm during a snowstorm!
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the body produces thyroid-stimulating antibodies, leading to the overproduction of thyroid hormone. People with Graves' disease present with ophthalmopathy, weight loss, anxiety, tremors, irritability, muscle weakness, and diarrhea.
Copyright © 2024 Elsevier, its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.
Cookies are used by this site.
USMLE® is a joint program of the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) and the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME). COMLEX-USA® is a registered trademark of The National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners, Inc. NCLEX-RN® is a registered trademark of the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. Test names and other trademarks are the property of the respective trademark holders. None of the trademark holders are endorsed by nor affiliated with Osmosis or this website.