Growth hormone deficiency
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Growth hormone deficiency
Endocrine system
Adrenal gland disorders
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Primary adrenal insufficiency
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
Hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal cortical carcinoma
Cushing syndrome
Conn syndrome
Thyroid gland disorders
Thyroglossal duct cyst
Hyperthyroidism
Graves disease
Thyroid eye disease (NORD)
Toxic multinodular goiter
Thyroid storm
Hypothyroidism
Euthyroid sick syndrome
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis
Riedel thyroiditis
Postpartum thyroiditis
Thyroid cancer
Parathyroid gland disorders
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Pancreatic disorders
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic nephropathy
Pituitary gland disorders
Hyperpituitarism
Pituitary adenoma
Hyperprolactinemia
Prolactinoma
Gigantism
Acromegaly
Hypopituitarism
Growth hormone deficiency
Pituitary apoplexy
Sheehan syndrome
Hypoprolactinemia
Constitutional growth delay
Diabetes insipidus
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
Gonadal dysfunction
Precocious puberty
Delayed puberty
Premature ovarian failure
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Kallmann syndrome
5-alpha-reductase deficiency
Polyglandular syndromes
Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (NORD)
Endocrine tumors
Multiple endocrine neoplasia
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Carcinoid syndrome
Pheochromocytoma
Neuroblastoma
Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (NORD)
Endocrine system pathology review
Adrenal insufficiency: Pathology review
Adrenal masses: Pathology review
Hyperthyroidism: Pathology review
Hypothyroidism: Pathology review
Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer: Pathology review
Parathyroid disorders and calcium imbalance: Pathology review
Diabetes mellitus: Pathology review
Cushing syndrome and Cushing disease: Pathology review
Pituitary tumors: Pathology review
Hypopituitarism: Pathology review
Diabetes insipidus and SIADH: Pathology review
Multiple endocrine neoplasia: Pathology review
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review
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Contributors
Brittany Norton, MFA
Evan Debevec-McKenney
Tanner Marshall, MS
Growth hormone deficiency is a condition that occurs when the pituitary gland fails to release enough growth hormone.
Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, helps promote overall growth of the body, muscle mass development, protein synthesis, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
So a deficiency in growth hormone, which can occur in kids and adults, results in problems in all of these areas.
Growth hormone is released by the pituitary which is a pea sized gland that is connected by a stalk to a part of the brain called the hypothalamus.
The hypothalamus secretes growth hormone releasing hormone which travels through a network of capillaries called the hypophyseal portal system.
Releasing hormone eventually reaches the anterior pituitary and triggers it to secrete growth hormone.
Growth hormone then travels via the blood to various target tissues in the body to stimulate growth. This is called the hypothalamic pituitary axis.
Normally, growth hormone is released in a pulsatile manner, throughout the day and peaks one hour after you fall asleep, but it is also secreted in response to various forms of internal and external stimuli.
For example, the hypothalamus senses when there’s hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, and in response it secretes growth hormone releasing hormone.
Summary
Growth hormone (GH) is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration. Growth hormone deficiency is a medical condition in which the body does not produce enough growth hormone. Growth hormone deficiency can cause failure to grow, delayed puberty, short stature, and other health problems.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2019)
- "Harrison's Endocrinology, 4E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2016)
- "Adult growth hormone deficiency" Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism (2011)
- "Evaluation and Treatment of Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline" The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (2006)
- "Comparison between Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia and Growth Hormone (GH)-Releasing Hormone + Arginine as Provocative Tests for the Diagnosis of GH Deficiency in Adults" Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (1998)
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