Headaches: Clinical (To be retired)
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Headaches: Clinical (To be retired)
Subspeciality surgery
Cardiothoracic surgery
Coronary artery disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Valvular heart disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Pericardial disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Aortic aneurysms and dissections: Clinical (To be retired)
Chest trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Pleural effusion: Clinical (To be retired)
Pneumothorax: Clinical (To be retired)
Lung cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Thoracic wall
Anatomy clinical correlates: Heart
Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Mediastinum
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors
cGMP mediated smooth muscle vasodilators
Lipid-lowering medications: Statins
Lipid-lowering medications: Fibrates
Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications
Antiplatelet medications
Plastic surgery
Benign hyperpigmented skin lesions: Clinical (To be retired)
Skin cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Blistering skin disorders: Clinical (To be retired)
Bites and stings: Clinical (To be retired)
Burns: Clinical (To be retired)
ENT (Otolaryngology)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Olfactory (CN I) and optic (CN II) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Facial (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (X), spinal accessory (CN XI) and hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Skull, face and scalp
Anatomy clinical correlates: Ear
Anatomy clinical correlates: Temporal regions, oral cavity and nose
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, fascia and muscles of the neck
Anatomy clinical correlates: Vessels, nerves and lymphatics of the neck
Anatomy clinical correlates: Viscera of the neck
Antihistamines for allergies
Neurosurgery
Stroke: Clinical (To be retired)
Seizures: Clinical (To be retired)
Headaches: Clinical (To be retired)
Traumatic brain injury: Clinical (To be retired)
Neck trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Brain tumors: Clinical (To be retired)
Lower back pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Olfactory (CN I) and optic (CN II) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV) and abducens (CN VI) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Facial (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (X), spinal accessory (CN XI) and hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Vertebral canal
Anatomy clinical correlates: Spinal cord pathways
Anatomy clinical correlates: Cerebral hemispheres
Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior blood supply to the brain
Anatomy clinical correlates: Cerebellum and brainstem
Anatomy clinical correlates: Posterior blood supply to the brain
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Barbiturates
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines
Nonbenzodiazepine anticonvulsants
Migraine medications
Osmotic diuretics
Antiplatelet medications
Thrombolytics
Ophthalmology
Eye conditions: Refractive errors, lens disorders and glaucoma: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Retinal disorders: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Inflammation, infections and trauma: Pathology review
Anatomy clinical correlates: Olfactory (CN I) and optic (CN II) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV) and abducens (CN VI) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Eye
Orthopedic surgery
Joint pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Lower back pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Clavicle and shoulder
Anatomy clinical correlates: Axilla
Anatomy clinical correlates: Arm, elbow and forearm
Anatomy clinical correlates: Wrist and hand
Anatomy clinical correlates: Median, ulnar and radial nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, joints and muscles of the back
Anatomy clinical correlates: Hip, gluteal region and thigh
Anatomy clinical correlates: Knee
Anatomy clinical correlates: Leg and ankle
Anatomy clinical correlates: Foot
Trauma surgery
Traumatic brain injury: Clinical (To be retired)
Neck trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Chest trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Abdominal trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Urology
Penile conditions: Pathology review
Prostate disorders and cancer: Pathology review
Testicular tumors: Pathology review
Kidney stones: Clinical (To be retired)
Renal cysts and cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Urinary incontinence: Pathology review
Testicular and scrotal conditions: Pathology review
Anatomy clinical correlates: Male pelvis and perineum
Anatomy clinical correlates: Female pelvis and perineum
Anatomy clinical correlates: Other abdominal organs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Inguinal region
Androgens and antiandrogens
PDE5 inhibitors
Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers
Vascular surgery
Peripheral vascular disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Leg ulcers: Clinical (To be retired)
Aortic aneurysms and dissections: Clinical (To be retired)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior and posterior abdominal wall
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
Lipid-lowering medications: Statins
Lipid-lowering medications: Fibrates
Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications
Antiplatelet medications
Thrombolytics
Assessments
Headaches: Clinical (To be retired)
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Transcript
Content Reviewers
Rishi Desai, MD, MPHContributors
Evan Debevec-McKenney
Tanner Marshall, MS
We’ve all had them. Headaches can be debilitating, and they occur when any of the pain-sensitive structures in the head and neck are stimulated. These include the meninges, blood vessels, nerves, and muscles.
Headaches can be classified into primary and secondary headaches. Primary headaches include tension, migraine, and cluster headaches, whereas secondary headaches are those that are due to another underlying disorder.
When an individual has a headache, especially if it feels different from their usual headaches, it’s important to think through causes of secondary headaches to avoid missing something important or life-threatening.
The mnemonic “SNOOP”, without the “D-O-double G”, summarizes some of the red flags.
“S” is for systemic symptoms like fever or weight loss.
“N” is for neurological symptoms, like weakness, sensory deficits, or vision loss.
The first “O” is for a new or sudden onset headache.
The second “O” is for other associated conditions, like trauma.
The “P” stands for progression or pattern, such as a headache that is worsening in severity or frequency.
Any of these findings warrant further investigation like brain imaging with a CT scan, or MRI, and in some cases a lumbar puncture.
Some clinical features may point towards a specific diagnosis, some of which may be life-threatening!
For example, if the headache develops suddenly, and feels like a 10 out of 10 in terms of pain right at its onset, or if it’s called “the worst headache of my life”, then it might be a subarachnoid hemorrhage. And it’s typically caused by rupture of an intracranial aneurysm.
Now, if someone has a sudden headache after a trauma, and it radiates down one side of the neck and is associated with Horner syndrome then it could be due to a carotid or vertebral artery dissection. This is also associated with pulsatile tinnitus which is a pulsating ringing sensation in the ears. If left untreated, the dissection could extend into the intracranial vessels, leading to a stroke.
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