Heart failure
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ACE inhibitors p. 634
heart failure p. 318
Angiotensin II receptor blockers p. 634
heart failure p. 318
β -blockers p. 247
heart failure p. 318
Cardiomyopathy p. 317
heart failure with p. 318
Diastole
heart failure and p. 318
Diuretics
heart failure p. 318
Dyspnea
heart failure p. 318
Edema
heart failure and p. 318
Fatigue
heart failure and p. 318
Heart failure p. 318
ACE inhibitors for p. 634
acromegaly p. 343
acute tubular necrosis with p. 626
amiodarone p. 329
angiotensin II receptor blockers p. 634
aortic regurgitation as precursor p. 298
associations p. 730
atrial septal defect p. 305
β -blockers for p. 247, 329
B-type natriuretic peptide in p. 301
calcium channel blockers p. 363
carcinoid syndrome p. 592
cardiac glycosides for p. NaN
chronic ischemic heart disease p. 310
contractility in p. 292
diabetic ketoacidosis p. 357
disopyramide p. 328
dobutamine for p. 243
dopamine for p. 243
Ebstein anomaly p. 304
ejection fraction in p. 292
ESR in p. 212
fludrocortisone and p. 362
hydralazine for p. 323
hypertension p. 306
hypertension treatment in p. 323
hypertensive emergency and p. 306
jugular venous pulse in p. 295
loop diuretics for p. 632
MI p. 311
Paget disease of bone p. 473
pleural effusion p. 705
potassium-sparing diuretics p. 633
pulmonary hypertension p. 703
pulse pressure in p. 292
readmissions with p. 277
renal failure causing p. 626
shock caused by p. 323
in sleep apnea p. 703
systolic vs diastolic p. 292
thiazides for p. 633
ventricular septal defect p. 305
Hydralazine p. 325
heart failure p. 318
Hypertension p. 306
heart failure p. 323
Loop diuretics p. 632
for heart failure p. 318
Myocardial infarction (MI) p. 310
heart failure caused by p. 318
Peripheral edema
heart failure p. 318
Pulmonary edema
heart failure p. 318
Spironolactone p. 633, 669, 679, 682
for heart failure p. 318
Thiazide diuretics
heart failure p. 318
Transcript
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Heart failure’s used to describe a point at which the heart can’t supply enough blood to meet the body’s demands.
This can happen in two ways, either the heart’s ventricles can’t pump blood hard enough during systole, called systolic heart failure, or not enough blood fills into the ventricles during diastole, called diastolic heart failure.
In both cases, blood backs up into the lungs, causing congestion or fluid buildup, which is why it’s also often known as congestive heart failure, or just CHF.
Congestive heart failure affects millions of people around the world and since it means that the body’s needs are not being met, it can ultimately lead to death.
Part of the reason why so many people are affected by heart failure, is that there are a wide variety of heart diseases like ischemia and valvular disease that can impair the heart’s ability to pump out blood and—over time—can ultimately cause the heart to fail.
Alright, first up is systolic heart failure, kind of a mathematical way to think this one is that the heart needs to squeeze out a certain volume of blood each minute, called cardiac output, which can be rephrased as the heart rate (or the number of beats in a minute) multiplied by the stroke volume (the volume of blood squeezed out with each heart beat).
The heart rate is pretty intuitive, but the stroke volume’s a little tricky.
For example, in an adult the heart might beat 70 times per minute and the the left ventricle might squeeze out 70ml per beat, so 70 x 70 equals a cardiac output of 4900 ml per minute, which is almost 5 liters per minute.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2019)
- "The Impact of Frailty and Comorbidities on Heart Failure Outcomes" Cardiac Failure Review (2022)
- "Effects of Digoxin in Heart Failure (HF) With Reduced Ejection Fraction (EF)" Cureus (2022)
- "Advanced heart failure: guideline‐directed medical therapy, diuretics, inotropes, and palliative care" ESC Heart Failure (2022)
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