Horseshoe kidney
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Horseshoe kidney
Renal system
Renal and ureteral disorders
Renal agenesis
Horseshoe kidney
Potter sequence
Hyperphosphatemia
Hypophosphatemia
Hypernatremia
Hyponatremia
Hypermagnesemia
Hypomagnesemia
Hyperkalemia
Hypokalemia
Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Renal tubular acidosis
Minimal change disease
Diabetic nephropathy
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (NORD)
Amyloidosis
Membranous nephropathy
Lupus nephritis
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Goodpasture syndrome
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
IgA nephropathy (NORD)
Lupus nephritis
Alport syndrome
Kidney stones
Hydronephrosis
Acute pyelonephritis
Chronic pyelonephritis
Prerenal azotemia
Renal azotemia
Acute tubular necrosis
Postrenal azotemia
Renal papillary necrosis
Renal cortical necrosis
Chronic kidney disease
Polycystic kidney disease
Multicystic dysplastic kidney
Medullary cystic kidney disease
Medullary sponge kidney
Renal artery stenosis
Renal cell carcinoma
Angiomyolipoma
Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor)
WAGR syndrome
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Bladder and urethral disorders
Posterior urethral valves
Hypospadias and epispadias
Vesicoureteral reflux
Bladder exstrophy
Urinary incontinence
Neurogenic bladder
Lower urinary tract infection
Transitional cell carcinoma
Non-urothelial bladder cancers
Renal system pathology review
Congenital renal disorders: Pathology review
Renal tubular defects: Pathology review
Renal tubular acidosis: Pathology review
Acid-base disturbances: Pathology review
Electrolyte disturbances: Pathology review
Renal failure: Pathology review
Nephrotic syndromes: Pathology review
Nephritic syndromes: Pathology review
Urinary incontinence: Pathology review
Urinary tract infections: Pathology review
Kidney stones: Pathology review
Renal and urinary tract masses: Pathology review
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Horseshoe kidney
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Which of the following best explains these findings?
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Aorta
horseshoe kidney and p. 603
Down syndrome (trisomy 19)
horseshoe kidney and p. 603
Edwards syndrome (trisomy NaN)
horseshoe kidney and p. 603
Horseshoe kidney p. 603
Turner syndrome p. 719
Hydronephrosis p. 623
horseshoe kidney p. 603
Inferior mesenteric artery p. 372
horseshoe kidney p. 603
Kidney stones p. 626
horseshoe kidney and p. 603
Patau syndrome (trisomy NaN)
horseshoe kidney in p. 603
Renal arteries p. 372, 605
horseshoe kidney p. 603
Renal cell carcinomas p. 623
horseshoe kidney and p. 603
Turner syndrome p. 661
horseshoe kidney p. 603
Ureter p. 603, 645, 649, 650
horseshoe kidney p. 603
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Transcript
Content Reviewers
Rishi Desai, MD, MPHContributors
Tanner Marshall, MS
Horseshoe kidney, or sometimes renal fusion, is a congenital disorder where the two kidneys fuse together into one during fetal development, resulting in one large horseshoe-shaped kidney.
Normally during fetal development, the future kidneys develop in the pelvis as a structure called the metanephrose before finally migrating upward into the abdomen and becoming everyone’s favorite organ duo.
For people with horseshoe kidney, their kidneys fused together at some point during development, and there are two main working theories on how this might happen.
The first is mechanical fusion, which happens during the metanephros stage, which is around about the 5th week of gestation.
At this point, the two kidneys are still in the pelvis, and are therefore pretty close together, so close that it’s thought that some flexion or growth of the developing spine and pelvic organs essentially pushes them together, causing the lower or inferior poles of the kidneys to touch and fuse together, forming what’s called a fibrous isthmus, fibrous because it’s composed of connective tissue.
The other theory involves a teratogenic event. Teratogenic meaning something that disrupts fetal development in some way.
In this case it’s thought that the posterior nephrogenic cells, which are the cells that help to form part of the kidney, migrate and rendezvous in the wrong spot, and therefore again form an isthmus connecting the two kidneys, but this time since the isthmus is composed of kidney cells as opposed to connective tissue, it’s called a parenchymal isthmus.
Whichever one happens, now you’ve got this single, horseshoe-shaped kidney in the pelvis.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2019)
- "HORSESHOE KIDNEY" Annals of Surgery (1925)
- "Multimodality imaging spectrum of complications of horseshoe kidney" Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging (2017)
- "Horseshoe kidney: a review of anatomy and pathology" Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy (2013)
Copyright © 2023 Elsevier, except certain content provided by third parties
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