Hypertension
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Hypertension
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2023
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2021
ACE inhibitors p. 628
hypertension p. 320
Alcoholism p. 589
hypertension and p. 304
Angiotensin II receptor blockers p. 628
hypertension p. 320
Antihypertensive drugs
hypertension in pregnancy p. 660
Aortic aneurysm p. 305
hypertension p. 304
Aortic dissection p. 307
hypertension p. 304
Asthma p. 692
hypertension treatment with p. 320
Atrial fibrillation
hypertension as cause p. 304
β -blockers p. 245
hypertension p. 322
Calcium channel blockers p. 323
hypertension p. 323
Chronic kidney disease
hypertension and p. 304
Coronary artery disease
hypertension and p. 305
Diabetes mellitus p. 350-358
hypertension and p. 307, 320
Diuretics
hypertension treatment p. 320
Geriatric patients
isolated systolic hypertension p. 288
Heart failure p. 316
hypertension p. 304
hypertension treatment in p. 320
pulmonary hypertension p. 697
Hyperaldosteronism p. 354
hypertension with p. 304
Hypertension p. 304
ACE inhibitors for p. 628
alcohol withdrawal p. 589
aliskiren for p. 628
α-blockers for p. 243
angiotensin II receptor blockers for p. 628
aortic dissection and p. 307, 731
atherosclerosis and p. 305
atrial fibrillation and p. 296
autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease p. 622
β -blockers for p. 245
Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms p. 529
Cushing syndrome p. 352
ecstasy intoxication p. 589
endometrial cancer p. 658
episodic p. 343
Guillain-Barré syndrome p. 538
heart failure p. 320
hyperaldosteronism p. 354
immunosuppressants p. 118
intraparenchymal hemorrhage p. 528
isolated systolic p. 290
leflunomide p. 495
local anesthetics p. 565
loop diuretics for p. 624
MDMA p. 589
microangiopathic anemia p. 415
minoxidil p. 676
nephritic syndrome and p. 616
PCP p. 589
pheochromocytomas p. 343
placental abruption p. 657
polyarteritis nodosa p. 478
preeclampsia p. 660
in pregnancy p. 242
pregnancy p. 660
pseudoepherine/phenylephrine p. 705
renal cyst disorders p. 622
renal failure p. 620
sleep apnea p. 697
thiazides for p. 627
thoracic aortic aneurysms and p. 305
treatment for p. 320
tyramine p. 243
tyramine ingestion p. 593
Hypertensive urgency p. 304, 323
Isolated systolic hypertension p. 290
Kidney disease
hypertension p. 304
Labetalol p. 244
gestational hypertension p. 660
hypertension in pregnancy p. 320
Methyldopa
hypertension in pregnancy p. 320
Nephropathy
hypertension and p. 304
Obesity
hypertension risk factors p. 304
Pregnancy p. 651
hypertension in p. 660
hypertension treatment in p. 242, 320
Primary hyperaldosteronism p. 354
hypertension with p. 304
Primary hypertension p. 320
Refractory hypertension p. 676
Retinopathy
hypertension p. 304
Stroke p. 525
hypertension p. 304
Thiazide diuretics
hypertension p. 320
Transcript
Content Reviewers
Contributors
Over a billion people around the world have hypertension, or high blood pressure, so that pretty much means it’s pretty common.
Let’s start by defining it. Typically, it’s represented by two numbers: the top number is the systolic blood pressure, which is the arterial pressure when the heart’s contracting; and the lower number is the diastolic blood pressure, which is the arterial pressure when the heart’s relaxing or refilling. Most of the time, blood pressure is taken in the brachial artery in your upper arm, because if the pressure is high there, it’s probably high throughout all of the arteries.
The guidelines for categorizing blood pressure have recently changed to reflect a growing body of evidence that shows that even moderately high blood pressures can significantly increase your risk for developing heart disease. Now, ‘normal’ systolic blood pressure is defined as less than 120 mmHg, and a normal diastolic pressure is less than 80 mmHg. Elevated systolic blood pressure is considered between 120 and 129 mmHg and less than 80 mmHg on the diastolic side. Stage 1 hypertension is between 130 and 139 mmHg on the systolic side, and between 80 and 89 mmHg on the diastolic side. Stage 2 hypertension is defined as anything that is 140 mmHg or higher on the Systolic side and 90 mmHg or higher on the diastolic side.
Typically, both systolic and diastolic pressures tend to climb or fall together, but that’s not always the case. Sometimes, you can have systolic or diastolic hypertension, when one number is normal and the other is really high. This is referred to as isolated systolic hypertension or isolated diastolic hypertension.
High blood pressure is a serious problem for the blood vessels because it causes wear and tear on the endothelial cells that line the inside of the blood vessels. Just like a garden hose that’s always under high pressure, in the long term, blood vessels can develop tiny cracks and tears that can lead to serious problems, like myocardial infarctions, aneurysms, and strokes.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Arterial hypertension" Hellenic J Cardiol (2013 Sep)
- "Arterial hypertension in the light of current recommendations" Terapevticheskii arkhiv (2018)
- "Gender-specific therapeutic approach in arterial hypertension – Challenges ahead" Pharmacological Research (2019)
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