Hypertriglyceridemia
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Hypertriglyceridemia
Cardiovascular system
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Cardiovascular system pathology review
Acyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Cyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis: Pathology review
Coronary artery disease: Pathology review
Peripheral artery disease: Pathology review
Valvular heart disease: Pathology review
Cardiomyopathies: Pathology review
Heart failure: Pathology review
Supraventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Ventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Heart blocks: Pathology review
Aortic dissections and aneurysms: Pathology review
Pericardial disease: Pathology review
Endocarditis: Pathology review
Hypertension: Pathology review
Shock: Pathology review
Vasculitis: Pathology review
Cardiac and vascular tumors: Pathology review
Dyslipidemias: Pathology review
Assessments
Hypertriglyceridemia
USMLE® Step 1 questions
0 / 1 complete
High Yield Notes
7 pages
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USMLE® Step 1 style questions USMLE
of complete
Reproduced from: Wikimedia Commons
Xanthomas are found on the patient’s bilateral elbows. Which of the following set of laboratory findings would be most likely expected in this patient?
Transcript
Content Reviewers
Viviana Popa, MDContributors
Alex Aranda
David G. Walker
Zachary Kevorkian, MSMI
With Hypertriglyceridemia, hyper means high, -emia refers to blood levels, and triglycerides are the most abundant fatty molecules in an organism.
So, hypertriglyceridemia is when there’s excess triglycerides in the blood.
Specifically, hypertriglyceridemia is when there are more than 150 mg of triglycerides per deciliter of blood.
Triglycerides can be deposited in subcutaneous tissue and around organs and function as energy storage in the body.
We can either get triglycerides from our diet, which are called exogenous triglycerides; or our liver can synthesize them from other molecules, in which case they’re called endogenous triglycerides.
Now, exogenous triglycerides are first absorbed in the small intestine, and then they undergo a series of changes in order to be transported and deposited in the body.
So, after triglycerides are absorbed, they enter the intestinal mucosal cells, inside of which they’re coupled with various apolipoproteins and phospholipids to create chylomicrons, which are one type of lipoprotein.
Lipoproteins are made up of lipids (like triglycerides or cholesterol) or phospholipids and proteins (like apolipoproteins CII, CIII, or E).
The main job of lipoproteins is to carry insoluble molecules, like triglycerides, from the intestines to the circulation.
That's because, normally, triglycerides are insoluble in liquid environments like blood.
Now, the newly created chylomicrons enter the bloodstream and bind to the wall of capillaries in adipose and skeletal muscle tissue.
At the binding site, they interact with the lipoprotein lipase enzyme leading to the breakdown of the triglyceride core and liberation of free fatty acids directly into the adipocytes or skeletal muscle cell, where they’re either stored or used for energy.
After triglycerides leave the chylomicron, what’s left is called a remnant chylomicron.
Remnant chylomicrons are high in cholesterol esters and they’re cleared from circulation by the liver when the apolipoprotein E binds to Apo-B100/E receptor on the hepatic cell membrane.
Summary
Hypertriglyceridemia is a condition characterized by high levels of triglycerides in the blood. If individuals' serum triglyceride concentrations are above 150 mg/dL, they are considered hypertriglyceridemia. High levels of triglycerides in the blood are associated with a high risk of developing heart disease, stroke, and other health problems. There are many different causes of hypertriglyceridemia, including genetics, obesity, eating too much processed or unhealthy foods, not getting enough exercise, smoking cigarettes, and drinking alcohol.
Sources
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2019)
- "Yen & Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology" Saunders W.B. (2018)
- "Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking" LWW (2016)
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Hypertriglyceridemia: its etiology, effects and treatment" Canadian Medical Association Journal (2007)
- "Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline" The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (2012)
- "Hypertriglyceridemic Pancreatitis: Presentation and Management" The American Journal of Gastroenterology (2009)
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