Hypopituitarism
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Hypopituitarism
Pathology
Adrenal gland disorders
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Primary adrenal insufficiency
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
Hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal cortical carcinoma
Cushing syndrome
Conn syndrome
Thyroid gland disorders
Thyroglossal duct cyst
Hyperthyroidism
Graves disease
Thyroid eye disease (NORD)
Toxic multinodular goiter
Thyroid storm
Hypothyroidism
Euthyroid sick syndrome
Hashimoto thyroiditis
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Parathyroid gland disorders
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Pancreatic disorders
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic nephropathy
Pituitary gland disorders
Hyperpituitarism
Pituitary adenoma
Hyperprolactinemia
Prolactinoma
Gigantism
Acromegaly
Hypopituitarism
Growth hormone deficiency
Pituitary apoplexy
Sheehan syndrome
Hypoprolactinemia
Constitutional growth delay
Diabetes insipidus
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
Gonadal dysfunction
Precocious puberty
Delayed puberty
Premature ovarian failure
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Kallmann syndrome
5-alpha-reductase deficiency
Polyglandular syndromes
Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (NORD)
Endocrine tumors
Multiple endocrine neoplasia
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Carcinoid syndrome
Pheochromocytoma
Neuroblastoma
Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (NORD)
Endocrine system pathology review
Adrenal insufficiency: Pathology review
Adrenal masses: Pathology review
Hyperthyroidism: Pathology review
Hypothyroidism: Pathology review
Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer: Pathology review
Parathyroid disorders and calcium imbalance: Pathology review
Diabetes mellitus: Pathology review
Cushing syndrome and Cushing disease: Pathology review
Pituitary tumors: Pathology review
Hypopituitarism: Pathology review
Diabetes insipidus and SIADH: Pathology review
Multiple endocrine neoplasia: Pathology review
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review
Assessments
Hypopituitarism
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Hypopituitarism
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Questions
USMLE® Step 1 style questions USMLE
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Reproduced from: Wikimedia Commons
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Memory Anchors and Partner Content
External References
First Aid
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
Bitemporal hemianopia p. 562
hypopituitarism as cause p. 345
Brain injury
hypopituitarism from p. 345
Corticosteroids
hypopituitarism p. 345
Craniopharyngiomas p. 546, 637
hypopituitarism with p. 351
Growth hormone (GH) p. 340, 364
for hypopituitarism p. 351
Hormone replacement therapy p. 680
for hypopituitarism p. 345
Hypopituitarism p. 345
Pituitary adenomas
hypopituitarism and p. 351
Radiation exposure
hypopituitarism p. 351
External Links
Transcript
Contributors
Brittany Norton, MFA
Sam Gillespie, BSc
Tanner Marshall, MS
With hypopituitarism, “hypo” means under and “pituitarism” refers to the pituitary gland which normally secretes various endocrine hormones.
So hypopituitarism is the underproduction of hormones released by the pituitary gland, and the symptoms depend on which hormones are actually undersecreted.
If all of the pituitary hormones are affected, it’s called panhypopituitarism.
The pituitary is a pea-sized gland, hanging by a stalk from the base of the brain.
It sits just behind the eyes near the optic chiasm, which is where the optic nerves cross and the gland rests in a very small depression of the skull known as the sella turcica.
The pituitary gland produces and secretes hormones when it receives signals from another part of the brain called the hypothalamus.
Together, they form the hypothalamic-pituitary axis which regulates the release of all the major endocrine hormones.
The pituitary itself has two distinct parts: the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary.
The anterior pituitary, which is the front of the pituitary gland, contains a few different types of cells, each of which secretes a different hormone.
The largest group of cells are the somatotropes which secrete growth hormone, which goes on to promote tissue and organ growth.
The second largest cell group are the corticotrophs which secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone, or ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol, a hormone that controls the stress response, blood pressure, and metabolic regulation.
Summary
Hypopituitarism refers to the underproduction of any of the hormones released by the pituitary gland. If all of the pituitary hormones are underproduced, it's called panhypopituitarism. Hypopituitarism can be caused by tumors, pituitary hemorrhage or infarction, or accidental damage during radiation or surgery. Symptoms vary greatly depending on which hormones are impacted. Common symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, depression, low blood pressure, and problems with sexual function.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2019)
- "Harrison's Endocrinology, 4E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2016)
- "Management of Hypopituitarism" Journal of Clinical Medicine (2019)
- "Hypopituitarism After Traumatic Brain Injury" Cureus (2019)
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